(A) Mouse BM cells were cultured in the presence of 25 ng/ml M-CSF and only 5 ng/ml RANKL (control) and GM3 (0.05, 0.5, or 5 μM), (B) with IGF-1 (25, 50, or 100 ng/ml), or (C) with IGF-1+ GM3 in the presence of RANKL and M-CSF in 96-well plates for 7 days, and OC numbers were evaluated by TRAP staining. A representative experiment of 3, each performed in triplicate assays, is shown (n = 3). Error bars correspond to SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus control).