Table 1.

The effects of SK channel blockade in the ventricle

Model	Medication	Baseline rhythm	Result	Reference
Normal mouse cardiomyocytes	Apamin	Paced rhythm	Little effect	Xu et al., 2003
Normal human cardiomyocytes	Apamin	Paced rhythm	No effect	Nagy et al., 2009
Rabbit HF	Apamin	Sinus rhythm	Prolonged APD and prevents acute APD shortening, Anti-arrhythmic: Prevent spontaneous VF	Chua et al., 2011
Human HF cardiomyocytes	Apamin	Paced rhythm	Prolonged APD	Chang et al., 2013
Rabbit HF	Apamin	Sinus rhythm	Prolonged APD Anti-arrhythmic: Reduced APD heterogeneity	Hsieh et al., 2013
Rabbit HF	Apamin	AV block	Prolonged APD Pro-arrhythmic: Increased EADs and TdP	Chang et al., 2013b
Rabbit Chronic MI	Apamin	Sinus rhythm	Prolonged APD and prevents acute APD shortening	Lee et al., 2013
Rat Acute MI	Apamin, UCL1684	Sinus rhythm	Anti-arrhythmic: APD prolongation	Gui et al., 2013
Canine HF cardiomyocytes; Human HF cardiomyocytes	Apamin	Paced rhythm	Prolonged APD Pro-arrhythmic: Increased EADs	Bonilla et al., 2014

APD, action potential duration; AV, atrioventricular; EAD, early afterdepolarization; HF, heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; TdP, torsades de pointes; VF, ventricular fibrillation.