Table 1.
Average composition for fatty acids in amaranth grains and sprouts (n = 3, mean ± SD)
| FA [%] of total lipids | Seeds | Sprouts | Sprouts 10 mg Se | Sprouts 15 mg Se |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amaranthus cruentus | ||||
| SFA | ||||
| C 4:0 butyric acid | 3.45 ± 1.11 | 2.47 ± 0.91 | 2.10 ± 1.12 | 1.99 ± 0.20 |
| C 6:0 caproic acid | 4.84 ± 1.00 | 2.74 ± 0.63 | 2.67 ± 0.91 | 2.69 ± 0.62 |
| C 8:0 caprylic acid | 5.11 ± 1.20 | 0.68 ± 0.21 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.32 |
| C 10:0 capric acid | 0.85 ± 0.15 | 1.18 ± 0.90 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.21 |
| C 12:0 lauric acid | 2.27 ± 0.35 | 0.51 ± 0.09 | 1.24 ± 0.72 | 0.27 ± 0.04 |
| C 14:0 myristic acid | 1.52 ± 0.62 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.02 |
| C 16:0 palmitic acid | 11.76 ± 1.32 | 18.06 ± 2.00 | 9.52 ± 1.61 | 9.47 ± 1.21 |
| C 18:0 stearic acid | 9.77 ± 1.13 | 10.31 ± 1.31 | 7.96 ± 0.91 | 8.60 ± 0.91 |
| Total SFA | 39.61,2,3 | 36.2A,B | 24.4A | 24.3B |
| MUFA | ||||
| C 14:1 myristoleic acid (n-5) | 2.35 ± 0.50 | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 |
| C 15:1 cis-10-pentadecenoic acid (n-5) | 3.54 ± 0.70 | 7.00 ± 0.40 | 4.24 ± 0.30 | 4.83 ± 0.20 |
| C 18:1 oleic acid (n-9) | 5.47 ± 0.62 | 4.30 ± 0.36 | 2.90 ± 0.09 | 2.15 ± 0.15 |
| Total MUFA | 11.36 | 11.98 | 7.42 | 7.13 |
| PUFA | ||||
| C 18:2 linoleic acid (n-6) | 33.18 ± 3.10 | 1.81 ± 0.03 | 2.96 ± 0.03 | 3.00 ± 0.05 |
| C 18:3 gamma-linolenic acid (n-6) | 1.63 ± 0.02 | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 2.69 ± 0.02 | 2.58 ± 0.03 |
| C 18:3 alpha-linolenic acid (n-3) | 11.10 ± 2.00* | 45.79 ± 4.70 | 48.02 ± 2.70 | 60.78 ± 7.0 |
| C 20:4 arachidonic acid (n-6) | 1.42 ± 0.03 | 1.78 ± 0.02 | 5.03 ± 0.60 | 1.07 ± 0.02 |
| C 22:2 docosadienoic acid (n-6) | 1.72 ± 0.05 | 1.46 ± 0.02 | 9.50 ± 0.80 | 1.08 ± 0.02 |
| Total PUFA | 49.05 | 51.85 | 68.2 | 68.51 |
| (SFA)/(MUFA + PUFA) ratio | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
| Amaranthus caudatus | ||||
| SFA | ||||
| C 4:0 butyric acid | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 1.16 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 2.76 ± 0.02 |
| C 6:0 caproic acid | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.10 | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 2.23 ± 0.03 |
| C 8:0 caprylic acid | 1.05 ± 0.09 | 0.61 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 1.88 ± 0.02 |
| C 10:0 capric acid | 0.47 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.30 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 1.20 ± 0.02 |
| C 12:0 lauric acid | 0.77 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.20 | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.99 ± 0.05 |
| C 14:0 myristic acid | 2.69 ± 0.07 | 1.95 ± 0.20 | 1.78 ± 0.09 | 4.21 ± 0.90 |
| C 16:0 palmitic acid | 10.02 ± 1.00 | 8.19 ± 0.80 | 7.98 ± 1.00 | 5.39 ± 0.95 |
| C 18:0 stearic acid | 6.12 ± 0.90 | 5.23 ± 0.60 | 5.10 ± 0.90 | 2.79 ± 0.06 |
| Total SFA | 221,4,5 | 19.68 | 18.65 | 21.45 |
| MUFA | ||||
| C 14:1 myristoleic acid (n-5) | 2.54 ± 0.20 | 2.08 ± 0.06 | 2.01 ± 0.03 | 4.00 ± 0.30 |
| C 15:1 cis-10-pentadecenoic acid (n-5) | 3.27 ± 0.25 | 3.03 ± 0.08 | 4.78 ± 0.60 | 5.40 ± 0.60 |
| C 18:1 oleic acid (n-9) | 5.62 ± 0.30 | 2.08 ± 0.03 | 1.59 ± 0.09 | 2.48 ± 0.09 |
| Total MUFA | 11.43 | 7.19 | 8.38 | 11.88 |
| PUFA | ||||
| C 18:2 linoleic acid (n-6) | 50.25 ± 2.80 | 4.97 ± 0.60 | 4.07 ± 0.50 | 2.45 ± 0.09 |
| C 18:3 gamma-linolenic acid (n-6) | 1.09 ± 0.09 | 11.04 ± 1.70 | 11.67 ± 2.20 | 5.44 ± 0.90 |
| C 18:3 alpha-linolenic acid (n-3) | 12.36 ± 2.00# | 51.10 ± 6.50 | 51.94 ± 5.40 | 55.50 ± 6.10 |
| C 20:4 arachidonic acid (n-6) | 1.45 ± 0.05 | 2.79 ± 0.10 | 2.28 ± 0.20 | 1.16 ± 0.03 |
| C 22:2 docosadienoic acid (n-6) | 1.41 ± 0.03 | 3.24 ± 0.15 | 3.02 ± 0.20 | 2.12 ± 0.20 |
| Total PUFA | 66.56 | 73.14 | 72.98 | 66.67 |
| (SFA)/(MUFA + PUFA) ratio | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.27 |
| Amaranthus paniculatus | ||||
| SFA | ||||
| C 4:0 butyric acid | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.04 | 2.08 ± 0.10 | 2.11 ± 0.30 |
| C 6:0 caproic acid | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.96 ± 0.10 |
| C 8:0 caprylic acid | 0.34 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | 1.53 ± 0.20 | 0.35 ± 0.04 |
| C 10:0 capric acid | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 1.78 ± 0.15 |
| C 12:0 lauric acid | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.03 | 1.54 ± 0.07 |
| C 14:0 myristic acid | 1.00 ± 0.03 | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.04 |
| C 16:0 palmitic acid | 13.82 ± 1.50 | 7.31 ± 1.20 | 9.07 ± 0.80 | 15.93 ± 3.20 |
| C 18:0 stearic acid | 12.18 ± 1.90 | 6.20 ± 0.90 | 6.84 ± 0.60 | 14.62 ± 3.60 |
| Total SFA | 29.742,4 | 17.82C | 22.97 | 38.51C |
| MUFA | ||||
| C 14:1 myristoleic acid (n-5) | 1.01 ± 0.10 | 1.02 ± 0.20 | 0.76 ± 0.20 | 0.92 ± 0.30 |
| C 15:1 cis-10-pentadecenoic acid (n-5) | 2.45 ± 0.90 | 2.36 ± 0.60 | 2.27 ± 0.50 | 3.34 ± 0.70 |
| C 18:1 oleic acid (n-9) | 6.77 ± 1.40 | 1.35 ± 0.20 | 2.14 ± 0.40 | 2.50 ± 0.30 |
| Total MUFA | 10.23 | 4.73 | 5.17 | 6.76 |
| PUFA | ||||
| C 18:2 linoleic acid (n-6) | 47.98 ± 4.00 | 3.37 ± 1.00 | 6.94 ± 2.00 | 9.97 ± 2.70 |
| C 18:3 gamma-linolenic acid (n-6) | 1.47 ± 0.20 | 5.00 ± 1.20 | 7.31 ± 1.40 | 13.47 ± 1.90 |
| C 18:3 alpha-linolenic acid (n-3) | 7.99 ± 1.90☼ | 67.19 ± 8.20 | 55.68 ± 6.30 | 29.16 ± 3.60 |
| C 20:4 arachidonic acid (n-6) | 1.65 ± 0.10 | 1.61 ± 0.20 | 1.57 ± 0.10 | 1.46 ± 0.20 |
| C 22:2 docosadienoic acid (n-6) | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.06 |
| Total PUFA | 60.01 | 77.48 | 71.87 | 54.72 |
| (SFA)/(MUFA + PUFA) ratio | 0.42 | 0.21 | 0.3 | 0.62 |
| Amaranthus tricolor | ||||
| SFA | ||||
| C 4:0 butyric acid | 6.78 ± 1.90 | 0.46 ± 0.06 | 1.60 ± 0.30 | 0.91 ± 0.20 |
| C 6:0 caproic acid | 2.39 ± 0.60 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.20 | 1.10 ± 0.20 |
| C 8:0 caprylic acid | 1.31 ± 0.20 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | 0.64 ± 0.30 | 0.76 ± 0.07 |
| C 10:0 capric acid | 1.35 ± 0.20 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 0.92 ± 0.09 |
| C 12:0 lauric acid | 0.70 ± 0.06 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.76 ± 0.15 | 0.72 ± 0.08 |
| C 14:0 myristic acid | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.40 | 1.12 ± 0.60 | 0.79 ± 0.07 |
| C 16:0 palmitic acid | 8.55 ± 3.50 | 11.28 ± 2.30 | 15.92 ± 4.10 | 11.42 ± 3.00 |
| C 18:0 stearic acid | 7.85 ± 1.40 | 8.44 ± 1.60 | 9.42 ± 2.70 | 13.75 ± 3.30 |
| Total SFA | 29.793,5 | 22.27 | 31.44 | 30.37 |
| MUFA | ||||
| C 14:1 myristoleic acid (n-5) | 0.92 ± 0.20 | 1.01 ± 0.20 | 1.24 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ± 0.20 |
| C 15:1 cis-10-pentadecenoic acid (n-5) | 1.89 ± 0.30 | 3.24 ± 0.90 | 4.15 ± 0.95 | 3.43 ± 0.90 |
| C 18:1 oleic acid (n-9) | 2.44 ± 0.90 | 2.82 ± 0.70 | 4.52 ± 1.10 | 1.53 ± 0.60 |
| Total MUFA | 5.25 | 7.07 | 9.91 | 5.82 |
| PUFA | ||||
| C 18:2 linoleic acid (n-6) | 58.80 ± 3.00 | 3.82 ± 1.00 | 5.25 ± 1.60 | 3.68 ± 0.90 |
| C 18:3 gamma-linolenic acid (n-6) | 2.11 ± 0.30 | 8.06 ± 1.20 | 6.21 ± 1.50 | 5.93 ± 1.80 |
| C 18:3 alpha-linolenic acid (n-3) | 2.91 ± 0.45*#☼ | 56.21 ± 10.20 | 43.84 ± 3.50 | 51.20 ± 5.60 |
| C 20:4 arachidonic acid (n-6) | 0.91 ± 0.20 | 1.42 ± 0.20 | 1.79 ± 0.60 | 1.31 ± 0.60 |
| C 22:2 docosadienoic acid (n-6) | 0.25 ± 0.10 | 1.14 ± 0.10 | 1.56 ± 0.40 | 1.69 ± 0.50 |
| Total PUFA | 64.98 | 70.65 | 58.65 | 63.81 |
| (SFA)/(MUFA + PUFA) ratio | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.43 |
SFA, saturated fatty acid
MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids
PUFA, poliunsaturated fatty acids
Means of triplicate determinations ± SD; selected, important differences (p < 0.05) were indicate in table, results marked with the same letters in upper index within each row differ significantly for fatty acids; results marked with the same symbols in upper index within each column differ significantly for evaluated plant material