Table 1.
The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health (DASH) study: ethnic distribution of measures of structural adversity, psychosocial support, and health behaviours [percentage (95 % confidence intervals)] at age 11–16 years
| White UK | Black Caribbean | Black African | Indian | Pakistani/Bangladeshi | Other | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 873 | N = 779 | N = 892 | N = 419 | N = 446 | N = 1376 | |
| Structural adversity | ||||||
| 11–13 years: low family affluence ≤2a | 27.61 (24.74, 30.67) | 35.30 (32.02, 38.73)* | 31.95 (28.97, 35.09) | 28.16 (24.06, 32.67) | 34.08 (29.82, 38.61) | 35.25 (32.76, 37.81)* |
| 14–16 years: low family affluence ≤2a | 27.26 (24.41, 30.32) | 37.36 (34.02, 40.81)* | 32.51 (29.51, 35.66)* | 24.82 (20.91, 29.19) | 29.15 (25.11, 33.54) | 32.78 (30.34, 35.30)* |
| 11–13 years: lone parent family | 23.60 (20.89, 26.53) | 47.11 (43.62, 50.63)* | 31.39 (28.43, 34.52)* | 5.73 (3.87, 8.41)* | 10.76 (8.20, 14.00)* | 29.87 (27.51, 32.34)* |
| 14–16 years: lone parent family | 19.59 (17.09, 22.36) | 42.62 (39.18, 46.13)* | 32.06 (29.08, 35.20)* | 7.88 (5.65, 10.88)* | 13.23 (10.38, 16.71)* | 28.92 (26.59, 31.38)* |
| 11–13 years: parental unemploymentb | 13.63 (11.51, 16.07) | 15.66 (13.27, 18.39) | 19.84 (17.35, 22.59)* | 13.13 (10.21, 16.72) | 30.72 (26.60, 35.16)* | 27.54 (25.25, 29.97)* |
| 14–16 years: parental unemploymentb | 6.76 (5.27, 8.63) | 8.09 (6.37, 10.22) | 15.81 (13.56, 18.35)* | 9.55 (7.08, 12.76)* | 24.89 (21.09, 29.12)* | 3.85 (2.95, 5.01)* |
| 11–13 years: perceived racismc | 13.40 (11.30, 15.83) | 16.05 (13.63, 18.80) | 18.50 (16.08, 21.18)* | 19.33 (15.82, 23.40) | 27.13 (23.20, 31.45)* | 19.90 (17.87, 22.09)* |
| 14–16 years: perceived racismc | 18.56 (16.11, 21.28) | 28.11 (25.06, 31.38)* | 33.18 (30.17, 36.35)* | 31.03 (26.77, 35.63)* | 27.80 (23.84, 32.15)* | 29.58 (27.22, 32.05)* |
| 11–13 years: living in neighbourhoods in the most deprived quintiled | 13.29 (11.19, 15.71) | 21.44 (18.69, 24.46)* | 27.91 (25.07, 30.95)* | 4.53 (2.91, 7.00)* | 11.66 (8.99, 14.99) | 23.69 (21.52, 26.01)* |
| 14–16 years: living in neighbourhoods in the most deprived quintiled | 12.83 (10.77, 15.22) | 21.44 (18.69, 24.46)* | 24.78 (22.05, 27.72)* | 10.50 (7.90, 13.82) | 15.92 (12.81, 19.62) | 22.82 (20.68, 25.11)* |
| 11–13 years: living in neighbourhoods with levels of PM2.5 in the highest quintile of PM2.5 | 13.52 (11.40, 15.95) | 17.20 (14.71, 20.02) | 26.79 (23.99, 29.80)* | 6.21 (4.26, 8.96)* | 8.97 (6.64, 12.00) | 21.29 (19.21, 23.54)* |
| 14–16 years: living in neighbourhoods with levels of PM2.5 in the highest quintile | 13.52 (11.40, 15.95) | 19.38 (16.76, 22.31)* | 29.04 (26.15, 32.10)* | 2.39 (1.29, 4.38)* | 6.05 (4.18, 8.69)* | 21.44 (19.35, 23.69)* |
| Psychosocial support | ||||||
| 11–13 years: highest tertile parental caree | 41.01 (37.79, 44.31) | 37.23 (33.90, 40.68) | 35.31 (32.24, 38.51) | 38.90 (34.34, 43.67) | 39.24 (34.80, 43.86) | 36.89 (34.38. 39.48) |
| 14–16 years: highest tertile parental caree | 24.74 (21.99, 27.72) | 19.00 (16.39, 21.91)* | 19.51 (17.30, 22.24)* | 28.88 (24.73, 33.41) | 28.25 (24.26, 32.62) | 23.76 (21.59, 26.09) |
| 11–13 years: highest tertile parental controle | 18.10 (15.68, 20.80) | 31.84 (28.65, 35.20)* | 37.56 (34.43, 40.79)* | 35.56 (31.11, 40.27)* | 40.13 (35.68, 44.76)* | 32.61 (30.18, 35.13)* |
| 14–16 years: highest tertile parental controle | 20.05 (17.52, 22.84) | 34.66 (31.39, 38.08)* | 41.59 (38.40, 44.86)* | 39.62 (35.04, 44.39)* | 41.26 (36.77, 45.89)* | 37.57 (35.05, 40.17)* |
| 11–13 years: attendance at a place of worship: ≥1 per weekf | 6.99 (5.47, 8.88) | 39.02 (35.65, 42.50)* | 65.25 (62.06, 68.30)* | 42.96 (38.29, 47.76)* | 61.66 (57.05, 66.07)* | 27.25 (24.96, 29.67)* |
| 11–13 years: attendance at a place of worship: never attendingf | 57.85 (54.54, 61.09) | 13.22 (11.02, 15.79)* | 5.38 (4.08, 7.07)* | 5.73 (3.87, 8.41)* | 9.19 (6.84, 12.25)* | 30.67 (28.29, 33.16)* |
| 14–16 years: attendance at a place of worship: ≥1 per weekf | 5.84 (4.47, 7.61) | 32.61 (29.40, 35.98)* | 67.94 (64.80, 70.92)* | 37.47 (32.96, 42.21)* | 57.40 (52.75, 61.92)* | 25.15 (22.92, 27.51)* |
| 14–16 years: attendance at a place of worship: never attendingf | 67.58 (64.40, 70.61) | 18.74 (16.15, 21.64)* | 5.61 (4.27, 7.32)* | 8.83 (6.46, 11.96)* | 13.00 (10.18, 16.46)* | 37.43 (34.91, 40.02)* |
| 11–13 years: ethnically diverse friendshipsg | 27.38 (24.52, 30.43) | 28.37 (25.31, 31.64) | 28.48 (25.61, 31.53) | 25.30 (21.36, 29.69) | 27.80 (23.84, 32.15) | 22.53 (20.40, 24.81) |
| 14–16 years: ethnically diverse friendshipsg | 33.33 (30.28, 36.53) | 30.94 (27.79, 34.28) | 35.54 (32.46, 38.74) | 40.33 (35.73, 45.11) | 42.83 (38.30, 47.47)* | 30.01 (27.65, 32.49) |
| Health behaviours | ||||||
| 11–13 years: currently smoking | 3.89 (2.79, 5.40) | 3.98 (2.81, 5.60) | 0.90 (0.45, 1.78)* | 1.19 (0.50, 2.84) | 1.79 (0.90, 3.55) | 3.56 (2.70, 4.68) |
| 14–16 years: currently smoking | 23.37 (20.68, 26.29) | 10.78 (8.79, 13.16)* | 4.60 (3.40, 6.18)* | 5.73 (3.87, 8.41)* | 9.64 (7.23, 12.75)* | 14.10 (12.36, 16.04)* |
| 11–13 years: currently drinking alcohol | 21.42 (18.82, 24.27) | 11.94 (9.84, 14.41)* | 4.48 (3.31, 6.06)* | 1.43 (0.64, 3.15)* | 0.45 (0.11, 1.78)* | 8.21 (6.87, 9.79)* |
| 14–16 years: currently drinking alcohol | 66.90 (63.70, 69.94) | 45.31 (41.84, 48.83)* | 23.54 (20.87, 26.44)* | 20.76 (17.14, 24.92)* | 1.35 (0.60, 2.96)* | 39.39 (36.84, 42.00)* |
| 11–13 years: skipping breakfast | 33.56 (30.50, 36.77) | 44.93 (41.46, 48.44)* | 48.99 (45.72, 52.27)* | 25.78 (21.81, 30.19)* | 32.51 (28.32, 37.01) | 34.30 (31.84, 36.85) |
* p < 0.05, significantly different from White UK
aFamily Affluence Scale derived from number of cars or vans, computers, and holidays [24]
bParental employment adjusted for family type, defined as living with 2 parents and both employed (reference category), one parent and employed, 2 parents and neither employed, one parent and not employed, other family type [51]
cMeasured by responses to question ‘Has anyone made you feel bad or hassled you because of your race, skin colour or where you were born?’ (at school; at home; on the street or in public) [33]
dIncome domain of the Index of Multiple Deprivation [35]
ePerceived parental care and control measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument [22]
fMeasured by responses to question ‘How often, outside of school, do you go to a church, other place of worship or for religious education?’ (once a week or more; about once a month; a few times a year; never) collapsed into 3 categories (at least once a week; less than once a week; never)
gMeasure of cultural integration [39]