Table 2.
The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health (DASH) study: influence of parenting styles and frequency of attendance to a place of worship on health behaviours at age 11–16 years: odds ratios (95 % confidence interval)
| Current smoker | Current alcohol drinker | Does not take breakfast everyday | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | N = 352 | N = 965 | N = 980 |
| Parental care (high care tertile = 1.00)a | |||
| Middle tertile parental care | 1.34 (0.94, 1.93) | 1.74 (1.36, 2.22)* | 1.19 (0.95, 1.50) |
| Low tertile parental care | 2.62 (1.84, 3.72)* | 2.54 (1.98, 3.26)* | 1.96 (1.53, 2.51)* |
| Parental control (low control tertile = 1.00)a | |||
| Middle tertile parental control | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.78, 1.26) |
| High tertile parental control | 1.88 (1.35, 2.62)* | 0.91 (0.72, 1.16) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.08) |
| Attendance at place of worship (≥1 per week = 1.00) | |||
| <1 per week | 2.01 (1.42, 2.85)* | 2.10 (1.64, 2.67)* | 1.13 (0.89, 1.44) |
| Never | 2.60 (1.72, 3.94)* | 2.43 (1.78, 3.32)* | 1.57 (1.15, 2.13)* |
| Boys | N = 306 | N = 920 | N = 824 |
| Parental care (high care tertile = 1.00)a | |||
| Middle tertile parental care | 1.22 (0.87, 1.71) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.58) | 1.42 (1.13, 1.79)* |
| Low tertile parental care | 1.27 (0.89, 1.81) | 1.78 (1.42, 2.23)* | 1.64 (1.31, 2.06)* |
| Parental control (low control tertile = 1.00)a | |||
| Middle tertile parental control | 0.96 (0.70, 1.33) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.27) |
| High tertile parental control | 1.37 (0.96, 1.94) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.22) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.45) |
| Attendance at place of worship (≥1 per week = 1.00) | |||
| <1 per week | 2.27 (1.55, 3.34)* | 1.45 (1.13, 1.86)* | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) |
| Never | 2.27 (1.42, 3.62)* | 1.55 (1.14, 2.11)* | 1.08 (0.80, 1.46) |
Odds ratios derived from logistic multilevel models for smoking and alcohol measured at 11–13 and 14–16 years, and logistic models for skipping breakfast only at 11–13 years. Models adjusted for age, ethnicity, where born, Family Affluence Scale [24], parental employment, family type, place of worship attendance, religious affiliation, parental care, and parental control measured by Parental Bonding Instrument [22]
* p < 0.05
aPerceived parental care and control measured using the Parental Bonding Instrument [22]