Table 2.
Selected pre-clinical studies reporting plasma and or tissue triglyceride responses following phytosterol/phytostanol supplementation.
| Author | Model | Diet & Design | Result | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamster model | ||||
| Rideout et al. (2013)[29] | Male Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic ‘Western’ diet2% PS supplementation (Reducol) 6 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG (49%) Shift in hepatic FA (↑ 16:0; ↓16:1 and 18:1 ↓ de novo lipogenesis (44%) ↓ intestinal SREBP1c, hepatic PPARα, and FAS mRNA |
Comparable TG reductions to ezetimibe supplementation Reductions in blood and hepatic cholesterol levels also observed |
| Ntanios et al. (1998)[40] | Male and female Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic diet supplemented with phytosterols (0.5 or 1%) from tall oil or soybean oil ~13 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG in males fed 1% soybean oil-phytosterols (no % given) | No effect in female hamsters |
| Ntanios et al. (2003)[41] | Male F1B Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic diet enriched with graded doses of phytosterol ester (0.24–2.84%). | ↓ blood TG in animals fed >0.96% phytosterol ester (0.96, 1.92, 2.84%) | |
| Vanstone et al. (2001)[34] | Male Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic diet; tall oil or soybean oil derived PS supplemented in diet or subcutaneously injected (matched to 5 mg/kg BW/day) ~9 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG (−42%) in animals injected with soybean oil derived PS | |
| Jain et al. (2008)[42] | Male Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic, cholesterol-enriched diet with sitostanol (0.5%) | ↓ blood TG (−22%) in sitostanol group compared with control | |
| Liang et al. (2011)[24] | Male Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic, cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with β-sitosterol or stigmasterol (0.1%) | ↓ blood TG (−28%) in both groups | ↓ in intestinal mRNA expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in both groups |
| Ebine et al. (2006)[43] | Male Syrian Golden | Semi-synthetic, cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with 0.7 and 1.4% disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphate* | ↓ blood TG (−45%) in 1.4% supplemented group | |
| Mouse model | ||||
| Rideout et al. (2010)[25] | Male C57BL/6J | Semi-synthetic ‘Western’ diet2% PS supplementation (Reducol) 6 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG (−28%) ↓ hepatic TG (30%) ↑ fecal 16:0 and 18:0 excretion ↑ hepatic SREBP1c and FAS mRNA; ↓ intestinal PPARα mRNA ↑ de novo lipogenesis (23%) |
Blood total cholesterol not altered No change in a host of intestinal FA absorption & metabolism gene expression |
| Volger et al. (2001)[44] | Female apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden transgenic | Semi-synthetic containing 0.25% cholesterol and 0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, or 1.0% plant stanols 8 wk feeding |
↓ hepatic TG (−38%) in the 1% dietary stanol group | No effect on serum TG No effect on hepatic VLDL-TG secretion |
| Plosch et al. (2006)[45] | Male C57BL/6J | Semi-synthetic cholesterol supplemented diet with 0.5% plant sterols or stanols 4 wks feeding |
↑ hepatic TG in both sterol and stanol groups | No change in plasma TG concentrations |
| Brufau et al. (2011)[46] | Male C57BL/6J | Semi-synthetic cholesterol supplemented diet with 1, 2, 4, or 8% plant sterols 2 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG (−26%) in 4% supplemented group ↑ hepatic TG (59%) in the 2% supplemented group |
|
| Looije et al. (2005)[47] | Male C57BL/6J | Low fat semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 2% FM-VP4* | ↓ blood TG (% reduction not specified) | |
| Lukic et al. (2003)[48] | Male apoE knockout | Cholesterol-supplemented chow diet with 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% FM-VP4* 12 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG in 2% supplemented group at 4 and 8 weeks | |
| Rat model | ||||
| Matasuoka et al. (2008)[49] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 0.5% free PS (FPS) or free PS egg yolk lipoprotein complex (PSY) 3 wks feeding |
↓ hepatic TG in both groups (FPS, −33%; PSY, −22%) | No change in serum TG concentrations |
| Awaisheh et al. (2012)[50] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Semi-purified high fat/cholesterol chow; daily gavage with non-fermented milk with and without PS (5 mg/mL) 8 wks feeding |
↓ blood TG (−16%) ↓ hepatic TG (−92%) |
|
| Ikeda et al. (2006)[51] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Semi-synthetic diet supplemented with campestenone (0.5%) | ↓ blood TG (−76%) ↓ hepatic TG (−69%) ↑ expression of β-oxidation genes ↓ hepatic SREBP1c expression |
|
| Tomoyori et al. (2004)[23] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Semi-synthetic supplemented with 0.25% PS | ↓ lymphatic transport of TG | |
| Pig model | ||||
| Brufau et al. (2006)[30] | Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs | Cholesterol enriched (0.33%), isocaloric diets, chow vs semi-synthetic not specified; Supplemented with 3 doses of PS (0, 1.27, 2.45%); Diets with combination pectin and PS were also examined 4 wks feeding |
↑ apparent absorption of saturated FA in PS-supplemented animals including lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) acids ↑ hepatic incorporation of lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) acids in PS-supplemented animals vs. animals fed saturated fat diet |
|
| Brufau et al. (2007)[52] | Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs | ↓ fecal excretion of lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) acids compared with high saturated fat diet ↑ fecal excretion of arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) acids compared with high saturated fat diet |
||
| Brufau et al. (2008)[53] | Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs | No change in plasma TG | ||
*
A semi-synthetic esterified phytostanols-ascorbic acid derivative