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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 30.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Genet. 2014;87:125–197. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800149-3.00003-2

Table 3.5.

Regulatory Elements to Modulate Expression

Element Role/Effect Reference
WPRE Increases RNA stability, transgene expression (Xu et al., 2003)
Intron Increases RNA stability, transgene expression (Wu et al., 2008)
PolyA Affects mRNA stability, transgene expression (Hager, Frame, Collins, Burns, & Maitland, 2008; Wu et al., 2008)
miRNA-binding site Restricts expression from specific cells (Xie et al., 2010)
Ligand-inducible system Activate/deactivate transgene expression (Blesch et al., 2000; Zoltick & Wilson, 2001)
Stimulus-inducible system Regulates transgene expression based on physiological state (Ruan & Deen, 2001; Ruan et al., 2001)
MAR Increases long-term retention of the delivered DNA (Girod et al., 2007)
Chromatin insulators Blocks cross-communication between regulator elements; reduces variability of transgene expression (Recillas-Targa,Valadez- Graham, & Farrell, 2004)

MAR, matrix attachment region.