Table 2.
Odds ratios for chronic pain according to the PBI quadrant
| Parental bonding style | Number of subjects | Number with chronic pain | Crude | P value | Multivariable-adjusted (demographic)a | P value | Multivariable-adjusted (demographic and depression)b | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95 %CI) | OR (95 %CI) | OR (95 %CI) | ||||||
| Father | ||||||||
| Optimal parenting | 157 | 54 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Neglectful parenting | 107 | 45 | 1.38 (0.84-2.30) | 0.207 | 1.47 (0.88-2.46) | 0.138 | 1.41 (0.84-2.37) | 0.192 |
| Affectionate constraint | 107 | 49 | 1.61 (0.97-2.67) | 0.063 | 1.61 (0.97-2.67) | 0.066 | 1.51 (0.91-2.53) | 0.114 |
| Affectionless control | 389 | 205 | 2.13 (1.45-3.12) | <0.001 | 2.21 (1.50-3.27) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.21-2.70) | 0.004 |
| Mother | ||||||||
| Optimal parenting | 152 | 61 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Neglectful parenting | 90 | 36 | 1.00 (0.58-1.69) | 0.984 | 1.01 (0.59-1.73) | 0.964 | 1.00 (0.58-1.73) | 0.999 |
| Affectionate constraint | 116 | 52 | 1.21 (0.74-1.98) | 0.441 | 1.29 (0.79-2.12) | 0.314 | 1.26 (0.76-2.08) | 0.371 |
| Affectionless control | 402 | 204 | 1.54 (1.05-2.24) | 0.026 | 1.60 (1.09-2.36) | 0.016 | 1.31 (0.88-1.96) | 0.181 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aMultivariable adjustment was done for age, sex, marital status, and years of education
bMultivariable adjustment was done for age, sex, marital status, years of education, and depression