Table 2.

Genes, regions of interest, and gene sets associated with illustrative candidate endophenotypes.

Candidate endophenotype	Chromosome	Gene	Potential relevance	References
Low subjective response to alcohol	4	GABRA2	Implicated in central nervous system disinhibition	Uhart et al. [48]
	6	OPRM1	Endogenous opioid system involved in alcohol-induced reward	Ray et al. [50] Ray, Hutchison [51] Ehlers et al. [52]
	10	CYP2E1	Codes CYP2E1 enzyme; involved in ethanol metabolism	Webb et al. [159]
	12	ALDH2	Involved in alcohol metabolism; implicated in conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate	Luczak et al. [54]
	15	CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 genes	Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes	Joslyn et al. [55]
	17	SERT	Involved in serotonin transmission	Hu et al. [49]
	multiple	gene sets implicated in neuronal signaling	--	Joslyn et al. [57]
	regions of interest on chromosomes 6, 10, 12, and 17	--	--	Ehlers et al. [53]
EEG variables	13	GPC5	Codes for a cell surface proteoglycan implicated in neural development	Joslyn et al. [101]
	2	GBX2	Involved in midbrain/hindbrain development and influences the expression of other genes during embryogenesis	Vrieze et al. [28]
	4	GABRA2	Implicated in central nervous system disinhibition	Porjesz et al. [22]
	5	CRH-BP	Codes for a high affinity binding protein for corticotrophin releasing hormone; involved in stress response	Enoch et al. [27]
	7	CHRM2	Influences the effects of acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system	Jones et al. [35]
	7	GRM8	Involved in glutamatergic system	Chen et al. [36]
	10	HTR7	Involved in serotonergic system	Zlojutro et al. [160]
	15	MYEF2	Transcriptional repressor of the myelin basic protein gene	Malone et al. [120]
	17	CRHR1	Involved in the neuroendocrine stress response	Chen et al. [37]
	21	KCNJ6	Codes for the GIRK2 protein involved in dopaminergic signaling	Kang et al. [38]
Executive functions	11	BDNF	Codes for BDNF protein involved in brain development and synaptic plasticity	Benzerouk et al. [78]
Structural brain differences	11	11q14.2	--	Boutte et al. [89]
Sweet liking	1	TAS1R1, TAS1R2, TAS1R3	Involved in sweet taste reception	Bachmanov et al. [84]
	16	16p11.2	--	Keskitalo et al. [80]

Notes. -- indicates not applicable or unknown. Studies listed should be considered illustrative and not exhaustive.