Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics, risky injection and sexual behaviors and service utilization by male PWID by HIV, HCV and HIV-HCV co-infection status, Delhi (2012)
| Total | Sero-negative | HIV mono-infected | HCV mono-infected | HIV & HCV co-infected | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | % (n) | p-value1 | % (n) | p-value1 | % (n) | p-value1 | ||
| Number of PWIDs | 2,292 | 100.0 (916) | 100.0 (146) | 100.0 (781) | 100.0 (449) | |||
| Prevalence of sero-infections (%) | 40.0 | 6.4 | 34.1 | 19.6 | ||||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 29 (23, 37) | 28 (23, 38.5) | 26 (22, 35) | 0.016 2 | 29 (24, 38) | 0.873 2 | 30 (24, 35) | 0.7722 |
| Education | 0.371 | 0.972 | ||||||
| Illiterate | 47.6 (1090) | 46.8 (429) | 48.6 (71) | 46.3 (361) | 51 (229) | 2.8; 0.246 | ||
| Class 1-6 | 27.6 (632) | 27.4 (251) | 30.8 (45) | 27.6 (215) | 27 (121) | |||
| 7 or higher | 24.8 (569) | 25.8 (236) | 20.6 (30) | 26.2 (204) | 22.1 (99) | |||
| Marital status | 0.112 | 0.545 | 0.043 | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 34.7 (796) | 36.7 (336) | 30.1 (44) | 34.8 (272) | 32.1 (144) | |||
| Never married | 52.9 (1213) | 52.6 (482) | 54.1 (79) | 53 (414) | 53 (238) | |||
| Divorced/widowed | 12.4 (283) | 10.7 (98) | 15.8 (23) | 12.2 (95) | 14.9 (67) | |||
| Religion | 0.921 | <0.001 | 0.609 | |||||
| Hindu | 62 (1418) | 58.5 (535) | 58.9 (86) | 69.5 (541) | 57 (256) | |||
| Non-Hindu | 38 (870) | 41.5 (380) | 41.1 (60) | 30.5 (237) | 43 (193) | |||
| Regional origin | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.010 | |||||
| Delhi | 25.4 (580) | 25.4 (232) | 24.7 (36) | 25.4 (198) | 25.4 (114) | |||
| 3 states adjacent to Delhi | 44.4 (1016) | 39.9 (365) | 53.4 (78) | 46.2 (360) | 47.4 (213) | |||
| Others | 30.2 (692) | 34.7 (317) | 21.9 (32) | 28.4 (221) | 27.2 (122) | |||
| Duration of residence in Delhi (median, IQR) | 22 (15, 30) | 22 (15, 30) | 20 (12, 29) | 0.142 2 | 23 (16, 30) | 0.124 2 | 23 (15, 30) | 0.208 2 |
| Accommodation | 0.183 | 0.879 | 0.801 | |||||
| Living at home with family | 44 (1009) | 44.4 (407) | 39.7 (58) | 44.4 (347) | 43.9 (197) | |||
| Living In rented/paying guest | 17.5 (400) | 17.6 (161) | 14.4 (21) | 18.4 (144) | 16.5 (74) | |||
| Living on the street | 38.5 (883) | 38 (348) | 45.9 (67) | 37.1 (290) | 39.6 (178) | |||
| Comprehensive HIV knowledge | 0.190 | 0.908 | 0.048 | |||||
| No/incomplete knowledge | 63.2 (1448) | 64.5 (591) | 58.9 (86) | 64.8 (506) | 59 (265) | |||
| Complete knowledge | 36.8 (844) | 35.5 (325) | 41.1 (60) | 35.2 (275) | 41 (184) | |||
| Alcohol use | 0.046 | 0.859 | 0.009 | |||||
| Never | 54.4 (1246) | 51.9 (475) | 61 (89) | 53.1 (414) | 59.8 (268) | |||
| 2 times/week or less | 35.6 (815) | 37.1 (339) | 33.6 (49) | 35.8 (279) | 33 (148) | |||
| 3 times a week or more | 10 (228) | 11 (101) | 5.5 (8) | 11.2 (87) | 7.1 (32) | |||
| Sex with regular or paid/non-regular female partner in last 3 months | 0.008 | 0.110 | <0.001 | |||||
| No sex | 63.5 (1455) | 57.6 (528) | 71.2 (104) | 62.6 (489) | 74.4 (334) | |||
| Safe sex | 11 (251) | 12.3 (113) | 8.2 (12) | 10.5 (82) | 9.8 (44) | |||
| Unsafe sex | 25.6 (586) | 30 (275) | 20.6 (30) | 26.9 (210) | 15.8 (71) | |||
| Service utilization in the last 3 months | ||||||||
| Accessed NSP services | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 55.5 (1271) | 70.4 (645) | 43.2 (63) | 48.9 (382) | 40.3 (181) | |||
| Yes | 44.6 (1021) | 29.6 (271) | 56.9 (83) | 51.1 (399) | 59.7 (268) | |||
| Accessed detox/rehab services | 0.696 | 0.270 | 0.148 | |||||
| No | 94.1 (2157) | 93.3 (855) | 92.5 (135) | 94.6 (739) | 95.3 (428) | |||
| Yes | 5.9 (135) | 6.7 (61) | 7.5 (11) | 5.4 (42) | 4.7 (21) | |||
| Accessed OST services | 0.847 | 0.643 | 0.583 | |||||
| No | 89.3 (2046) | 89.2 (817) | 89.7 (131) | 89.9 (702) | 88.2 (396) | |||
| Yes | 10.7 (246) | 10.8 (99) | 10.3 (15) | 10.1 (79) | 11.8 (53) | |||
| Duration and frequency of injection drug use | ||||||||
| Time since first injection | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| 1 year or less | 13.2 (299) | 22.5 (204) | 9.7 (14) | 8.6 (66) | 3.4 (15) | |||
| 2-5 years | 53.8 (1221) | 52.7 (478) | 54.5 (79) | 55.1 (425) | 53.6 (239) | |||
| 6-10 years | 21.6 (490) | 15.9 (144) | 27.6 (40) | 22.5 (174) | 29.6 (132) | |||
| 11 years or more | 11.5 (260) | 8.9 (81) | 8.3 (12) | 13.9 (107) | 13.5 (60) | |||
| Number of days injected in the past month | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Not injected | 26.5 (606) | 44.4 (406) | 19.2 (28) | 15.7 (122) | 11.1 (50) | |||
| 1-10 days | 20.5 (470) | 23.5 (215) | 16.4 (24) | 18.2 (142) | 19.8 (89) | |||
| 11-20 days | 16.7 (382) | 11.4 (104) | 17.1 (25) | 21.2 (165) | 19.6 (88) | |||
| 21-30 days | 36.3 (830) | 20.7 (189) | 47.3 (69) | 44.9 (350) | 49.4 (222) | |||
| Risky injection behavior in the past 1 month | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| No risk | 47.6 (1090) | 63.7 (583) | 39 (57) | 37.6 (294) | 34.7 (156) | |||
| At least one risky injection | 52.4 (1202) | 36.4 (333) | 61 (89) | 62.4 (487) | 65.3 (293) | |||
| Prior HIV test | ||||||||
| Prior knowledge of own HIV status | 0.001 | 0.778 | <0.001 | |||||
| Know the result | 71.4 (1631) | 74.5 (681) | 61 (89) | 73.9 (575) | 64.1 (286) | |||
| Not tested/ Result not known | 28.6 (653) | 25.5 (233) | 39 (57) | 26.1 (203) | 35.9 (160) | |||
1 Chi-squared test, unless specified, for each infection category compared with sero-negative participants
2 Mann–Whitney U test for each infection category compared with sero-negative participants
NSP: Needle Syringe Program; OST: Oral Substitution Therapy