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In mammalian MAPK pathways, upstream MAPK kinase kinase (MAP3K) phosphorylates and activates MAPK kinase (MAP2K) and MAP2K sequentially activates MAPK. Activated MAPK regulates the dynamics of intranuclear transcription factors that induce physiological responses. EGF, epidermal growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF, transforming growth factor.
