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Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and ASK2 regulate skin tumorigenesis. The ASK2–ASK1 heterocomplex exerts a tumor-suppressive function by inducing apoptosis through activation of JNK and p38 during the initiation stage. In contrast, the ASK1 homocomplex in inflammatory cells evokes pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the promotion stage, accelerating tumorigenesis. DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
