Table 1. Effects of fish oil on anthropometric parameters, serum lipids and glucose metabolism, and EPA and DHA in study participants a .
| Corn oil (n = 34) | Fish oil (n = 36) | P | ANCOVA b | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | End | Change c | Baseline | End | Change | Baseline | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Age (y) | 44.3±10.90 | 46.0±10.68 | 0.50 | ||||||
| Male/Female | 25/9 | 26/10 | 0.90 | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | 26.0±2.8 | 26.0±2.8 | 0.0±0.9 | 26.4±3.9 | 26.1±3.8 | -0.3±0.7 | 0.57 | 0.13 | |
| Weight (Kg) | 70.4±10.1 | 70.5±10.2 | 0.1±2.4 | 72.9±13.5 | 72.2±13.8 | -0.7±2.0 | 0.38 | 0.13 | 0.18 |
| Waist C (cm) | 88.9±9.7 | 87.9±7.7 | -1.0±12.6 | 91.4±10.2 | 89.0±8.0 | -2.4±13.5 | 0.31 | 0.54 | 0.83 |
| Hip C (cm) | 97.8±5.8 | 98.7±6.6 | 0.9±5.6 | 100.1±7.4 | 100.0±7.2 | -0.1±3.6 | 0.14 | 0.56 | 0.72 |
| WHR | 0.91±0.13 | 0.89±0.06 | -0.02±0.14 | 0.91±0.07 | 0.89±0.10 | -0.02±0.15 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
| TSF (mm) | 28.1±2.5 | 27.6±2.8 | -0.4±2.5 | 27.7±2.9 | 27.1±2.6 | -0.6±2.4 | 0.58 | 0.48 | 0.58 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130±21 | 131±23 | 1±15 | 128±17 | 132±20 | 4±13 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.42 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 84±15 | 84±15 | 0±11 | 82±12 | 83±11 | 1±7 | 0.54 | 0.73 | 0.85 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.40±1.08 | 5.46±1.05 | 0.06±0.75 | 5.33±1.18 | 4.84±1.05 | -0.49±0.43 | 0.79 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.90±1.04 | 1.95±1.21 | 0.04±0.88 | 2.12±1.03 | 1.53±0.85 | -0.58±0.89 | 0.38 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| LDL-C(mmol/L) | 3.29±0.74 | 3.10±0.68 | -0.19±0.74 | 3.27±0.66 | 2.94±0.67 | -0.32±0.47 | 0.88 | 0.27 | 0.26 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.27±0.24 | 1.30±0.27 | 0.03±0.24 | 1.27±0.19 | 1.32±0.22 | 0.05±0.17 | 0.96 | 0.63 | 0.69 |
| ApoA-I (g/L) | 1.51±0.18 | 1.52±0.25 | 0.01±0.33 | 1.57±0.23 | 1.60±0.26 | 0.03±0.34 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| ApoB (g/L) | 1.24±0.31 | 1.24±0.26 | 0.00±0.45 | 1.34±0.30 | 1.06±0.23 | -0.28±0.33 | 0.14 | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Lipoprotein (a) (mg/L) | 162 (135, 219) | 159 (116, 219) | -21(-66, 52) | 168(128, 254) | 169(101, 251) | -20(-43, 18) | 0.45 | 0.67 | 0.62 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.68±1.10 | 5.46±0.68 | -0.21±1.41 | 5.93±0.56 | 5.17±0.44 | -0.76±0.56 | 0.24 | 0.041 | 0.048 |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 11.64(8.97, 15.85) | 11.31(8.68, 14.43) | -1.47(-3.05, 1.66) | 11.95(10.46, 16.54) | 13.24(10.52, 16.08) | 0.53(-1.58, 2.11) | 0.81 | 0.18 | 0.16 |
| HOMA-IR d | 2.84(2.30, 3.95) | 2.80(2.07, 3.51) | -0.25(-0.75, 0.25) | 3.15(2.63, 4.09) | 2.99(2.37, 3.75) | -0.25(-0.85, 0.30) | 0.36 | 0.78 | 0.67 |
| C-peptide (ng/ml) | 4.40±1.12 | 4.04±1.16 | -0.36±1.00 | 4.34±0.97 | 3.89±1.13 | -0.44±0.79 | 0.80 | 0.62 | 0.58 |
| EPA (%) | 0.68±0.04 | 0.69±0.04 | 0.01±0.03 | 0.68±0.04 | 3.48±0.29 | 2.80±0.28 | 0.67 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DHA (%) | 2.33±0.20 | 2.38±0.35 | 0.05±0.36 | 2.32±0.20 | 4.33±0.28 | 2.01±0.28 | 0.51 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
a Data are n or mean±SD or median (interquartile range).
Abbreviations: ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Hip C: hip circumference; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TSF: triceps skin fold; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; Waist C: waist circumference; WHR: ratio of waist to hip circumference.
b Model 1: adjusted by the baseline levels. Model 2: adjusted by the baseline levels, age, gender and BMI.
c Change is equal to the end values—the baseline values.
d HOMA-IR equaled to (fasting glucose concentration × fasting insulin concentration)/22.5.