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Immunological factors associated with PTSD.
| Immune Biomarkers | Relationship to PTSD | References |
|---|---|---|
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Increased in PTSD | (74) |
| Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) | Increased in PTSD | (75) |
| Interleukin-2 (IL-2) | Increased in PTSD | (76) |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | Increased in PTSD; Increases risk for PTSD | (78, 79, 94) |
| Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) | Increased in PTSD | (86, 87) |
| Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α | Increased in PTSD | (145) |
| Immune cell sensitivity to glucocorticoids | Enhanced in PTSD | (43) |
