Effect of transmembrane potentials at various concentrations of chitohexaose on the single channel insertion of VhChiP WT and its Trp136 mutants. Single channel insertion of WT (A) and mutants W136A/F/R/D (B–E) was reconstituted into a solvent-free lipid membrane, containing 1 m KCl in 20 mm HEPES, pH 7.5. Various concentrations of chitohexaose (0.25, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 μm) was added to the cis side of the membrane. The data were recorded at a transmembrane potential of −100 mV.