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. 2015 Jul 31;5:12519. doi: 10.1038/srep12519

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Average EMG response (A,C,E,G) and average RMS (B,D,F,H) to the (A,B) 32 mN, (C,D) 64 mN, and (E,F) 128 mN experimental noxious stimulus and (G,H) clinically required heel lance. (I) The reflex withdrawal was graded with stimulus intensity and for all stimuli the response was significantly different to background activity (*p < 0.05). (J) The reflex withdrawal response was not significantly different across stimulus number for any of the experimental noxious stimuli. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean.