Table 1.
Estimated number, prevalence, and trend pattern of hospitalized live birth affected by alcohol and drugs transmitted via the placenta and of parturient women diagnosed with substance abuse at liveborn delivery: United States, 1999–2008.
| 1999 |
2008 |
Difference in prevalence (% change)b between 1999 and 2008 | Trend patternc 1999–2008 (on logit scale) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosisa | No. | Prev. | 95% CI | No. | Prev. | 95% CI | ||
| Live births (95% CI) | 3,842,837 | (3,577,779–4,107,894) | 4,253,656 | (3,931,169–4,576,143) | ||||
| Newborns affected by | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 880 | 2.3 | 1.8–3.0 | 548 | 1.3 | 1.0–1.6 | −1.0 (−43.5%) | Linear decrease |
| Narcotics | 3,222 | 8.4 | 6.5–10.7 | 4,401 | 10.3 | 8.3–12.9 | 1.9 (22.6%) | Linear increase |
| Cocaine | 11,689 | 30.4 | 25.0–37.0 | 6,302 | 14.8 | 13.2–16.7 | −15.6 (−51.3%) | Non-linear decrease |
| Hallucinogenic agents | 588 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.1 | 1,001 | 2.4 | 1.8–3.1 | 0.9 (60.0%) | Linear increase |
| Unspecified noxious substances | 781 | 2.0 | 1.6–2.7 | 1,569 | 3.7 | 3.0–4.5 | 1.7 (85.0%) | Linear increase |
| Drug withdrawal syndrome | 5,355 | 13.9 | 9.9–19.6 | 9,638 | 22.7 | 18.5–27.7 | 8.8 (63.3%) | Non-linear increase |
| Women with a liveborn delivery (95% CI) | 3,675,794 | (3,415,387–3,936,201) | 4,154,797 | (3,842,966–4,466,628) | ||||
| Maternal substance abuse | ||||||||
| Alcohol | 3,895 | 10.6 | 8.9–12.6 | 3,885 | 9.4 | 8.0–10.9 | −1.2 (−11.3%) | Non-linear change |
| Opioids | 5,022 | 13.7 | 9.7–19.2 | 9,153 | 22.0 | 17.9–27.1 | 8.3 (60.6%) | Non-linear increase |
| Cocaine | 14,281 | 38.9 | 32.6–46.3 | 9,902 | 23.8 | 21.3–26.6 | −15.1 (−38.8%) | Non-linear change |
| Cannabis and hallucinogens | 11,110 | 30.2 | 25.5–35.9 | 21,632 | 52.1 | 45.2–59.9 | 21.9 (72.5%) | Linear increase |
| Amphetamines | 2,537 | 6.9 | 5.5–8.7 | 4,657 | 11.2 | 9.2–13.6 | 4.3 (62.3%) | Non-linear increase |
| Sedatives | 489 | 1.3 | 1.1–1.7 | 859 | 2.1 | 1.7–2.6 | 0.8 (61.5%) | Linear increase |
| Other and unspecified drugs | 2,847 | 7.7 | 6.3–9.5 | 5,814 | 14.0 | 12.2–16.0 | 6.3 (81.8%) | Linear increase |
No, number; Prev, prevalence (per 10,000 live births or per 10,000 liveborn deliveries); CI, confidence interval.
A live birth and a liveborn delivery can be assigned to more than one group if more than one substance-specific diagnosis was coded.
% change was calculated as difference in prevalence between 1999 and 2008 divided by the prevalence in 1999.
Trend pattern was tested by multivariable logistic regression with a linear and a quadratic term for calendar year (centered at 2003) and with adjustment for race and geographic region. The description of “increase” versus “decrease” was based on the statistical significance of the linear term, and the description of “linear” versus “non-linear” was based on the statistical significance of the quadratic term. “Non-linear change” was used to describe results in which the linear term was not significant but the quadratic term was statistically significant. All p-values were less than 0.01, except that p-values for the quadratic term in the model for newborns affected by cocaine and in the model for maternal alcohol abuse were close to 0.05.