Table 2.
Estimated cost, expected primary payer, and length of stay (LOS) for hospitalized live births and liveborn deliveries: United States, 2001–2008.
| Number |
Mean cost (2008 US$)a |
Paid by Medicaid (%) |
Mean LOS (days) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | 2001 | 2008 | 2001 | 2008 | Annual changeb | 2001 | 2008 | Annual changeb | 2001 | 2008 | Annual changeb |
| Neonatal Conditions c | |||||||||||
| Newborns affected by | |||||||||||
| Alcohol | 639 | 548 | $10,000 | $10,500 | $9 | 69.2 | 69.5 | −0.1 | 8.6 | 9.2 | 0.10 |
| Narcotics | 2,423 | 4,401 | $10,600 | $8,200 | −$285 | 64.7 | 76.0 | 1.0* | 9.9 | 7.9 | −0.23 |
| Cocaine | 7,095 | 6,302 | $7,700 | $7,900 | $56 | 69.7 | 76.8 | 0.8* | 7.7 | 8.1 | 0.03 |
| Hallucinogenic agents | 652 | 1,001 | ~ d | $6,300 | $447e | 63.1 | 74.0 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 0.36* |
| Unspecified noxious substance | 624 | 1,569 | $4,200 | $7,100 | $517* | 70.5 | 70.8 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 6.9 | 0.37* |
| Drug withdrawal syndrome | 3,688 | 9,368 | $18,100 | $16,900 | $259 | 64.3 | 77.9 | 1.1* | 16.1 | 16.3 | 0.03 |
| None of the above | 3,986,175 | 4,231,991 | $2,200 | $2,700 | $74* | 36.3 | 40.3 | 0.7* | 3.0 | 3.2 | 0.03* |
| Maternal substance abuse c | |||||||||||
| Alcohol | 3,687 | 3,885 | $4,000 | $4,400 | $70* | 61.7 | 59.8 | −0.4 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.04 |
| Opioids | 3,636 | 9,153 | $4,800 | $4,800 | −$20 | 67.9 | 75.7 | 0.9* | 3.0 | 3.0 | 0.03 |
| Cocaine | 9,284 | 9,902 | $4,100 | $4,300 | $37* | 69.1 | 73.8 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 0.01 |
| Cannabis and hallucinogens | 11,582 | 21,632 | $3,700 | $4,100 | $62* | 68.1 | 74.4 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 0.02* |
| Amphetamines | 3,620 | 4,657 | $3,700 | $4,800 | $99* | 67.1 | 69.1 | 0.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.02* |
| Sedatives | 396 | 859 | $3,700 | $4,100 | $21 | 73.3 | 71.9 | −0.5 | 2.6 | 2.6 | −0.01 |
| Other and unspecified drugs | 2,963 | 5,814 | $3,800 | $4,600 | $51 | 68.9 | 71.9 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.03* |
| None of the above | 3,795,093 | 4,107,117 | $3,400 | $3,800 | $55* | 36.6 | 39.9 | 0.7* | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.02* |
p-value < 0.05.
All costs were adjusted to 2008 dollars using the overall Consumer Price Index.
Annual changes in mean cost, in percentage of hospitalizations paid by Medicaid, and in mean LOS, were estimated from weighted least squares linear regression models covering 2001 through 2008, in which year was an independent variable and the inverse of the square of standard errors of the estimates in each year was used as the weight.
A live birth and a liveborn delivery can be assigned to more than one group if more than one substance-specific diagnosis was coded.
~, the estimate is suppressed because it is imprecise and unreliable (i.e., its relative standard error, calculated as standard error/weighted estimate, is greater than 0.30).
Trend test in costs of newborns affected by hallucinogenic agents were based on annual estimates from 2003 to 2008 because the estimated mean costs in 2001 and 2002 were imprecise and unreliable.