Table 1. Comparison of baseline characteristics between patients with and without a normal ABI of ≧ 0.9 to < 1.3.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 2001) | ABI ≧ 0.9 to < 1.3 (n = 1840) | ABI < 0.9 or ≧ 1.3 (n = 61) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 64.1 ± 11.3 | 63.6 ± 11.3 | 68.8 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male gender (%) | 42.9 | 42.7 | 44.7 | 0.632 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 16.8 | 15.9 | 27.3 | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (%) | 4.9 | 4.2 | 13.0 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.9 ± 18.8 | 134.9 ± 18.8 | 135.2 ± 18.5 | 0.825 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.8 ± 11.3 | 78.0 ± 11.3 | 75.8 ± 11.7 | 0.022 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 57.1 ± 15.3 | 56.9 ± 15.2 | 59.4 ± 15.5 | 0.049 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 26.5 ±3.5 | 0.009 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 0.722 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 148.5 ± 51.5 | 148.6 ± 51.5 | 147.7 ± 50.8 | 0.836 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 126 (91–179) | 125 (90–176) | 139.5 (106.5–214.75) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.7 ± 38.7 | 185.5 ± 38.4 | 187.7 ± 41.3 | 0.498 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.5 ± 13.1 | 49.7 ± 13.1 | 47.2 ± 12.5 | 0.020 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104.3 ± 28.5 | 104.3 ± 28.4 | 104.6 ± 29.5 | 0.882 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 68.7 ± 19.7 | 69.4 ± 19.4 | 60.2 ± 20.4 | < 0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 34.9 | 33.8 | 47.2 | 0.001 |
| DR stage | 0.001 | |||
| Non-DR (%) | 65.0 | 66.0 | 53.4 | |
| Nonproliferative DR (%) | 17.0 | 16.8 | 18.6 | |
| Proliferative DR (%) | 18.0 | 17.2 | 28.0 | |
| Medications | ||||
| ACEI and/or ARB use (%) | 73.3 | 72.6 | 84.5 | 0.001 |
| β-blocker use (%) | 23.4 | 22.6 | 31.7 | 0.009 |
| Calcium channel blocker use (%) | 39.2 | 37.6 | 57.1 | < 0.001 |
| Diuretic use (%) | 46.0 | 44.8 | 59.0 | 0.001 |
| Statins use (%) | 59.9 | 59.1 | 65.3 | 0.023 |
Abbreviations. ABI, ankle-brachial index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; DR, diabetic retinopathy; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.