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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015 Jun 2;1347(1):1–28. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12778

(A) Neural stem cells (NSCs) can proliferate and self-renew or NSCs can differentiate to neuronal or glial cells. Hes1 promotes NSC proliferation and inhibits Mash1 and NSC differentiation. Reduced Hes1 suppresses NPC proliferation and alleviates Mash1 inhibition allowing NSC differentiation. (B) Preadipocytes (adipocyte stem cell) can proliferate and self-renew or can differentiate to adipocytes. Mature adipocytes: adipogenic (PPARγ, C/EBPα) and lipogenic (SREBP1) transcription factors are induced. Hypertrophic adipocytes: availability of excess calories facilitates increased lipid storage and promotes increase cell size with greater expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP1. Increased macrophage presence is also evident.

(A) Neural stem cells (NSCs) can proliferate and self-renew or NSCs can differentiate to neuronal or glial cells. Hes1 promotes NSC proliferation and inhibits Mash1 and NSC differentiation. Reduced Hes1 suppresses NPC proliferation and alleviates Mash1 inhibition allowing NSC differentiation. (B) Preadipocytes (adipocyte stem cell) can proliferate and self-renew or can differentiate to adipocytes. Mature adipocytes: adipogenic (PPARγ, C/EBPα) and lipogenic (SREBP1) transcription factors are induced. Hypertrophic adipocytes: availability of excess calories facilitates increased lipid storage and promotes increase cell size with greater expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα and SREBP1. Increased macrophage presence is also evident.