Table 1.

Characteristics of the participants by geographic region^a and by white rice consumption tertile

	North Region Percent energy from white rice, % (Median 30.0, IQRb 20.2–40.8)				Central Region Percent energy from white rice, % (Median 13.5, IQRb 0–31.7)				South Region Percent energy from white rice, % (Median 43.0, IQRb 32.4–53.5)				Across region Pd
	Tertile 1 (0–23.9)	Tertile 2 (23.9–36.9)	Tertile 3 (36.9–86.8)	Pc	Tertile 1 (0–3.5)	Tertile 2 (3.6–24.1)	Tertile 3 (24.2–87.5)	Pc	Tertile 1 (0–36.4)	Tertile 2 (36.4–49.8)	Tertile 3 (49.8–86.6)	Pc
Median intake, % energy	16.2	30.1	45.9		0.0	13.5	39.9		27.7	43.0	57.9
Participants, n	504	512	513		908	899	912		1106	1136	1138
Male, %	49.3	45.1	48.7	0.33	47.5	45.2	46.7	0.60	41.7	47.3	51.8	<0.001	0.71
Age, e years	51.8±13.7	49.4±13.3	49.6±13.9	0.01	51.0±14.9	50.9±16.0	51.7±14.7	0.49	53.0±15.0	50.9±15.4	50.2±15.1	<0.001	0.04
BMI, kg/m2	23.6±3.3	24.2±3.4	23.8±3.6	0.03	24.4±3.4	24.1±3.6	23.6±3.4	<0.001	23.1±3.4	22.7±3.3	22.1±3.2	<0.001	<0.001
Current smoker, %	28.7	28.9	29.9	0.90	27.5	26.1	24.2	0.24	24.9	29.6	29.9	0.01	0.04
Education, %
Below high school	34.7	36.8	43.8		47.1	39.1	43.6		40.7	45.8	53.5
High school	41.8	48.5	42.7	<0.001	46.7	46.1	45.5	<0.001	45.4	43.8	40.1	<0.001	<0.001
Above high school	23.5	14.7	13.5		6.2	14.8	12.7		14.0	10.3	6.4
Income, f %
Low	26.6	32.0	36.5		39.4	29.6	17.2		35.0	37.2	39.6
Medium	33.2	35.8	35.8	<0.001	29.2	32.0	30.3	<0.001	33.1	32.2	37.7	<0.001	<0.001
High	40.2	32.2	27.7		31.4	38.4	52.5		31.9	30.6	22.7
Urbanicity, g %
Low	35.7	45.5	45.7		48.0	25.3	17.2		18.1	26.3	46.6
Medium	20.6	25.2	29.9	<0.001	32.7	32.9	37.2	<0.001	31.6	41.0	34.0	<0.001	<0.001
High	43.7	29.3	24.4		19.3	41.8	45.6		50.3	32.7	19.4
Hypertension, %	48.6	50.4	48.9	0.82	44.8	46.6	46.1	0.73	40.2	39.6	33.3	0.001	<0.001
Total physical activity, METS/week	240.0±203.0	259.4±215.9	295.0±242.6	<0.001	262.9±207.4	199.9±172.3	218.6±169.0	<0.001	183.1±168.0	235.3±188.4	284.6±182.6	<0.001	<0.001
Total energy, kcal/day	2151.2±578.2	2036.2±551.2	2008.0±617.8	<0.001	2074.1±679.0	2194.2±730.8	2316.3±703.0	<0.001	2159.6±751.0	2149.2±631.4	2076.8±568.5	0.004	<0.001
Fiber, g/day	13.8±6.6	11.4±4.4	10.3±5.0	<0.001	13.9±7.7	13.8±7.6	11.5±6.1	<0.001	11.7±10.2	9.8±6.1	9.0±5.2	<0.001	<0.001
Total fat, % energy from fat	33.5±9.0	31.8±8.8	26.0±8.3	<0.001	28.1±11.0	31.5±11.8	30.5±9.7	<0.001	39.9±10.9	32.1±8.7	25.1±7.4	<0.001	<0.001
Magnesium, mg/day	320.8±109.9	296.4±87.2	282.9±86.5	<0.001	306.7±123.7	314.1±120.7	311.3±107.0	0.38	287.1±134.7	270.5±102.5	266.2±97.6	<0.001	<0.001

^aGeographic regions: North: Heilongjiang, Liaoning; Central: Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu; South: Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou.

^bIQR: inter-quartile range.

^cWithin region p values.

^dAcross region p values.

^eMean ± S.D. (All such values).

^fPer capita household income, categorized based on the cut-off values of tertiles.

^gEstimated from urbanicity index, a multi-component scale that includes population density, economic activity, modern markets, transportation, etc. [49], categorized based on the cut-off values of tertiles.