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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 31.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2015 Jun 1;117(4):e41–e53. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306457

Figure 1. Low endothelial PPAP2B expression associated with disturbed flow in vitro and in vivo.

Figure 1

(A) Diagram of porcine aorta illustrates unidirectional flow in descending thoracic aorta (DT) and disturbed flow near the lesser curvature of aortic arch (AA). PPAP2B protein abundance was significantly lower in endothelial cells (EC) isolated from AA. (B) Diagram of mouse aortic arch illustrates unidirectional flow in greater curvature (GC) and disturbed flow near the lesser curvature (LC). PPAP2B mRNA abundance was significantly lower in EC isolated from LC. (C) Diagram shows two distinct flows in human carotid bifurcation. Athero-protective and athero-susceptible waveforms represent hemodynamics in human distal internal carotid artery and carotid sinus, respectively. PPAP2B mRNA abundance was elevated in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) under athero-protective waveform for 24 hours and 72 hours. PPAP2B protein was increased in HAEC under athero-protective waveform for 72 hours. (D) Diagram illustrates partial ligation in mice to generate acute disturbed flow in the left carotid artery (LCA). PPAP2B mRNA abundance was decreased in EC from LCA by acute disturbed flow. (E) PPAP2B mRNA abundance in human atherosclerosis lesions. Upstream and downstream sections of the atherosclerotic plaque were obtained from human carotid endarterectomy samples (n=4). All data are represented as mean ± SEM. n = 3-5. * P < 0.05, t-test.