Table 1. Events leading to AKI induction.

Site	Trigger
Pre-renal	- Volume depletion due to hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea, burns
	- Edema due to cardiac failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
	- Hypotension due to cardiogenic shock, sepsis, anaphylaxis
	- Cardiovascular due to severe cardiac failure, arrhythmias
	- Renal hypoperfusion induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or specific enzyme inhibitors or receptor blockers involved in the renin-angiotensin axis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, renal artery stenosis or occlusion, hepatorenal syndrome
Renal	- Glomerular disease due to inflammation (glomerulonephritis), thrombosis, hemolytic uraemic syndrome
	- Tubular injury due to acute tubular necrosis following prolonged ischaemia, and nephrotoxins such as aminoglycosides, radiocontrast media, cisplatin, heavy metals
	- Acute interstitial nephritis due to drugs (e.g. NSAIDs), infection or autoimmune diseases
	- Vascular disease including vasculitis, cryoglobulinaemia, polyarteritis nodosa, thrombotic microangiopathy, cholesterol emboli, renal artery stenosis, renal vein thrombosis, malignant hypertension
	- Eclampsia
Post-renal	- Urinary tract obstructions due to Calculus formation (i.e. kidney stones), urethral stricture, prostatic hypertrophy or malignancy, blood clot
	- Papillary necrosis
	- Bladder tumor
	- Radiation and retroperitoneal fibrosis
	- Pelvic malignancy