Table 2. Demographics and clinical findings for subgroups of progressive aphasia and apraxia of speech (Mean ± Standard deviation).

	PAOS (40)	PAA (12)	SD (9)	PFA (4)	LPA (52)	p-value
Demographics
Age^a	70.73 ± 9.3	67.67 ± 7.0	66.33 ± 6.4	70.0 ± 7.3	66.25 ± 8.5	.1517
Female (%)	20 (50)	8 (67)	4 (44)	3 (75)	26 (50)	.6802
Handedness (R/L/A)	34/5/1	11/1/0	7/2/0	4/0/0	48/3/1	.8150
Duration (in years)^b	3.64 ± 1.8	2.5 ± 1.2	5.39 ± 3.7	2.75 ± 1.3	3.44 ± 1.4	.0725
Age of Onset (in years)^a	67.18 ± 9.6	65.25 ± 7.9	60.94 ± 6.7	67.25 ± 6.8	62.87 ± 8.3	.1075
Education (in years)^b	15.31 ± 2.7	14.92 ± 2.8	16.78 ± 2.8	16.38 ± 2.9	15.32 ± 2.6	.4856
Speech/Language Assessment^c
Western Aphasia Battery
Aphasia Quotient (/100)^b	91.68 ± 10.8^e^,^h^,^j	80.31 ± 14.0^d	80.54 ± 17.5	92.48 ± 5.2	77.22 ± 15.8^d	<.001*
Spontaneous Speech (/20)^b	18.00 ± 2.7^e^,^h	14.5 ± 3.7^d	16.89 ± 3.0	18.75 ± 1.0	15.46 ± 3.3^d	<.001*
Info content (/10)^b	9.60 ± 0.7^e^,^h	8.5 ± 1.9^d	9.25 ± 1.2	9.75 ± 0.5	7.77 ± 2.1^d	<.001*
Fluency (/10)^b	8.40 ± 2.2^e^,^h	6.0 ± 2.2^d	8.25 ± 1.4	9.00 ± 0.8	7.65 ± 1.6^d	.0002*
AV Comp (/10)^b	9.81 ± 0.3^e^,^h	9.40 ± 0.7^d	8.56 ± 2.1	9.86 ± 0.2	8.70 ± 1.3^d	<.001*
Repetition (/10)^b	8.88 ± 1.9^h	7.85 ± 2.5	8.78 ± 1.3	9.60 ± 0.7^h	7.39 ± 1.8^g	<.001*
Naming (/10)^b	9.16 ± 1.0^e^,^f^,^h	8.41 ± 1.3^d	6.04 ± 3.2^d	8.03 ± 1.2	7.07 ± 2.3^d	<.001*
Animal Fluency^a	14.15 ± 4.6^e^,^f^,^h	9.5 ± 5.1^d	7.33 ± 5.5^d	12.25 ± 4.6	9.00 ± 5.4^d	<.001*
Writing Output (/34)^b	29.41 ± 7.0^h	23.71 ± 10.3	27.22 ± 10.9	30.75 ± 3.9	20.57 ± 11.4^d	.0009*
Western Aphasia Battery Supplemental Tests
Reading Irregular words (/10)^b	9.46 ± 1.4^e^,^f^,^h	8.25 ± 3.0^d	7.22 ± 3.1^d	10.00 ± 0.0	7.71 ± 2.6^d	<.001*
Reading non-words (/10)^b	8.32 ± 2.2^e^,^h	5.0 ± 3.3^d	7.56 ± 2.1	9.25 ± 1.0	5.77 ± 3.2^d	<.001*
Reading Comprehension (/40)^b	37.80 ± 4.1^e^,^h	30.5 ± 9.9^d	30.22 ± 12.8	38.00 ± 4.0	31.19 ± 7.8^d	.0002*
Reading Commands (/20)^b	19.11 ± 2.3^h	16.25 ± 4.1	18.22 ± 5.0	20.0 ± 0.0	16.31 ± 5.3^d	.0004*
Writing irregular words (/10)^b	7.85 ± 2.5^h	6.0 ± 2.9	6.11 ± 3.7	7.00 ± 2.2	3.81 ± 3.2^d	<.001*
Writing non-words (/10)^b	6.60 ± 2.5^h	4.17 ± 3.0	5.78 ± 2.8	6.75 ± 1.3	3.88 ± 2.9^d	.0003*
Token Test (/22)^b	18.68 ± 3.3^e^,^h	11.75 ± 6.5	15.00 ± 6.9	18.75 ± 3.0^h	9.75 ± 5.5^d^,^g^,^j	<.001*
Boston Naming Test (/15)^b	13.40 ± 1.8^f^,^g^,^h	11.42 ± 4.7^f^,^h	3.78 ± 4.2^d^,^e	3.75 ± 2.9^d	6.75 ± 4.5^d^,^e	<.001*
Failure to recognize target words on unnamed items	33 ± 0 7^f^,^g^,^h	.42 ± 0.9^f^,^k^,^l	5.22 ± 6.1^d^,^e^,^k	1.75 ± 1.0^d	1.58 ± 2.0^d	<.001*
Action Fluency^a	11.42 ± 4.0^h^,^l	7.92 ± 5.6	8.56 ± 5.3^g	17.75 ± 6.0^f^,^h	8.42 ± 4.6^d^,^g	.0002*
Letter Fluency^b	20.87 ± 10.4	12.92 ± 8.2	18.78 ± 11.5	27.75 ± 12.1	17.86 ± 11.5	.0705
Phonologic errors present (%)	2 (5)^e^,^h	7 (58)^d^,^h	2 (22)^h	0 (0)^h	50 (96)ⁱ	<.001*
Agrammatism present (%)	16 (40)^e^,^f^,^h	12 (100)ⁱ	0 (0)^d^,^e	0 (0)^e	0 (0)^d^,^e	<.001*
In speech only^m	8 (20)^h	4 (33)^h	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)^d^,^e	<.001*
In writing onlyⁿ	4 (10)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	6 (8)	.2760
In writing and speech^m^,ⁿ	4 (10)^e	8 (67)^d^,^f^,^h	0 (0)^e	0 (0)	0 (0)^e	<.001*
Aphasia Severity (/4)^b	56 ± 0.8^e^,^f^,^h	1.67 ± 0.9^d	1.78 ± 1.0^d	1.13 ± 0.3	2.08 ± 1.0^d	<.001*
Dysarthria present (%)	17 (43)^f^,^h	1 (8)	0 (0)^d	0 (0)	0 (0)^d	<.001*
Dysarthria Severity (/4)^b	.63 ± 1.0	.08 ± 0.3	N/A	N/A	N/A	.6459
AOS present (%)	40 (100)ⁱ	8 (67)ⁱ	0 (0)^d^,^e	0 (0)^d^,^e	0 (0)^d^,^e	<.001*
AOS Severity (/4)^b	1.99 ± 1.0	1.29 ± 1.4	N/A	N/A	N/A	.5294
ASRS total (/64)^b	21.7 ± 10.0ⁱ	13.5 ± 10.3ⁱ	.22 ± 0.4^d^,^e^,^h	.00 ± 0.0^d^,^e^,^h	2.15 ± 1.8ⁱ	<.001*
Number of abnormal features (/16)^b	11.77 ± 3.88^f^,^g^,^h	8.33 ± 4.3^f^,^g^,^h	.22 ± 0.4^d^,^e^,^h	.00 ± 0.0^d^,^e^,^h	1.88 ± 1.5ⁱ	<.001*
NVOA score (/32)^b	22.65 ± 9.6	23.92 ± 9.8	26.56 ± 6.2	31.50 ± 1.0	27.25 ± 6.0	.0603
Supplemental semantic tests
Pyramids and palm trees (/52)^b	49.73 ± 1.6^f^,^h^,^l	49.25 ± 1.5^f^,^k	39.78 ± 9.2^d^,^e	47.50 ± 1.9	45.38 ± 6.4^d	<.001*
Famous faces (/10)^b	9.53 ± 1.4^f	9.67 ± 0.7^j	6.67 ± 3.6^d^,^h	10.0 ± 0	9.53 ± 1.4^f	.0105*

Abbreviations: A = ambidextrous; AOS = apraxia of speech; ASRS = apraxia of speech severity rating scale; L = left; LPA = logopenic progressive aphasia; NVOA = nonverbal oral apraxia; PAA = progressive agrammatic aphasia; PAOS = progressive apraxia of speech; SD = semantic dementia; PFA = progressive fluent aphasia; PPA-U = primary progressive aphasia unclassified; R = right.

Parametric.

Non-parametric.

See supplemental data for information regarding normative values.

Significant compared to PAOS.

Significant compared to PAA.

Significant compared to SD.

Significant compared to PFA.

Significant compared to LPA.

ⁱ

Significant compared to all other groups.

Trend towards significance compared to SD.

Trend towards significance compared to LPA.

Trend towards significance compared to PFA.

20 subjects (1 PAOS, 1 SD, 15 LPA, 3 PPA-U) did not have adequate writing output to be assessed.

ⁿ

4 subjects (3 PAOS, 1 PPA-U) did not have enough speech output to be assessed.