Table 2. Demographic characteristics, predisposing factors, clinical and echocardiographic findings, complications and outcomes of patients with infective endocarditis.
| HAIE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | NNHCA-IE | Nosocomial IE | |||||
| All n = 154 | CA-IE n = 126 | n = 28 | n = 20 | n = 8 | P value (CA-IE vs. HAIE) | P value (CA-IE vs. NNHCA-IE) | |
| Hospitalization between 2002 and 2012 | 118 (76.6%) | 98 (77.8%) | 20 (71.4%) | 16 (80.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 0.473 | >0.999 |
| Median age, years (IQR) | 46 (32–57) | 47 (32–57) | 43.5 (36–56) | 44 (39–56) | 35.5 (30–53) | 0.605 | 0.955 |
| Male, n (%) | 102 (66.2%) | 84 (66.7%) | 18 (64.3%) | 13 (65.0%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.810 | 0.884 |
| Predisposing cardiac conditions, n (%) | |||||||
| Prosthetic valve | 19 (12.3%) | 9 (7.1%) | 10 (35.7%) | 7 (35.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Congenital heart disease | 31 (20.1%) | 30 (23.8%) | 1 (3.6%) | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.016 | 0.076 |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 24 (16.9%) | 14 (11.1%) | 10 (35.7%) | 7 (35.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Charlson comorbidity index≥2 | 29 (18.8%) | 19 (15.1%) | 10 (35.7%) | 7 (35.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 0.012 | 0.053 |
| Comorbid condition, n (%) | |||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 8 (5.2%) | 5 (4.0%) | 3 (10.7%) | 3 (15.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.159 | 0.079 |
| Malignancy | 7 (4.5%) | 4 (3.2%) | 3 (10.7%) | 3 (15.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.113 | 0.054 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 11 (7.1%) | 5 (4.0%) | 6 (21.4%) | 2 (10.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 0.005 | 0.245 |
| Sign, n (%) | |||||||
| Fever ≥39.1°C | 80 (53.0%) | 64 (51.6%) | 16 (59.3%) | 13 (68.4%) | 3 (37.5%) | 0.471 | 0.171 |
| Heart murmur | 130 (84.4%) | 109 (86.5%) | 21 (75.0%) | 16 (80.0%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.129 | 0.492 |
| Purpuric lesion | 40 (26.0%) | 33 (26.2%) | 7 (25.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 2 (25.0%) | 0.897 | 0.910 |
| Echocardiographic findings, n (%) | |||||||
| Mitral valve | 85 (55.2%) | 65 (51.6%) | 20 (71.4%) | 13 (65.0%) | 7 (87.5%) | 0.056 | 0.264 |
| Aortic valve | 57 (37.0%) | 52 (41.3%) | 5 (17.9%) | 3 (15.0%) | 2 (25.0%) | 0.020 | 0.026 |
| Tricuspid valve | 10 (6.5%) | 8 (6.3%) | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (5.0%) | 1 (12.5%) | >0.999 | >0.999 |
| Vegetation | 134 (87.0%) | 110 (87.3%) | 24 (85.7%) | 16 (80.0%) | 8 (100%) | 0.051 | 0.480 |
| Surgery, n (%) | 96 (62.3%) | 80 (63.5%) | 16 (57.1%) | 12 (60.0%) | 4 (50.0%) | 0.393 | 0.764 |
| Complication, n (%) | |||||||
| Stroke | 22 (14.3%) | 16 (12.7%) | 6 (21.4%) | 4 (20.0%) | 2 (25.0%) | 0.240 | 0.480 |
| Brain abscess | 7 (4.5%) | 7 (5.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | 0.594 |
| Acute left heart failure | 11 (7.1%) | 6 (4.8%) | 5 (17.9%) | 2 (10.0%) | 3 (37.5%) | 0.029 | 0.301 |
| Non-CNS embolism | 10 (6.5%) | 10 (7.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | 0.358 |
| In-hospital mortality | 10 (6.5%) | 5 (4.0%) | 5 (17.9%) | 3 (15.0%) | 2 (25.0%) | 0.019 | 0.079 |
IE, infective endocarditis; CA, community-acquired; HAIE, healthcare-associated infective endocarditis; NNHCA, non-nosocomial healthcare-associated; IQR, interquartile range; CNS, central nervous system.