Table 3. Etiologic agents among patients with infective endocarditis.

			HAIE
			Total	Nosocomial IE	NNHCA-IE
	All n = 154	CA-IE n = 126	n = 28	n = 8	n = 20	P value (CA-IE vs. HAIE)	P value (CA-IE vs. NNHCA-IE)
Culture negative, n (%)	46 (29.9%)	36 (28.6%)	10 (35.7%)	4 (50.0%)	6 (30.0%)	0.455	0.896
Streptococci, n (%)	49 (44.5%)	46 (51.1%)	3 (16.7%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (21.4%)	0.007	0.038
VGSa	38 (77.6%)	36 (78.3%)	2 (11.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (66.7%)	0.019	0.542
S. bovisa	3 (6.1%)	3 (6.5%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	–
Othersa	8 (16.3%)	7 (15.2%)	1 (3.6%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (33.3%)	–	–
Staphylococci, n (%)	33 (30.0%)	27 (30.0%)	6 (33.3%)	2 (50.0%)	4 (28.6%)	0.779	>0.999
Staphylococcus aureusb	19 (57.8%)	16 (59.3%)	3 (10.7%)	0 (0.0%)	3 (75.0%)	–	–
MRSAc	3 (15.8%)	3 (18.8%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	–
MRCNSc	4 (28.6%)	3 (27.3%)	1 (5.6%)	1 (50.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–	–
Other organismd, n (%)	28 (25.5%)	19 (21.1%)	9 (50.0%)	2 (50.0%)	7 (50.0%)	0.017	0.041
Gram-negative bacilli	8 (7.4%)	6 (4.8%)	2 (7.1%)	1 (12.5%)	1 (5.0%)	0.638	>0.999
Enterococci	12 (11.1%)	9 (7.1%)	3 (10.7%)	1 (12.5%)	2 (10.0%)	0.458	0.628
C. albicans	2 (1.9%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (11.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (10.0%)	–	–

IE, infective endocarditis; CA, community-acquired; HAIE, healthcare-associated IE; NNHCA, non-nosocomial healthcare-associated; VGS, viridans group streptococci; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; CNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci; MRCNS, methicillin-resistant CNS.

^aProportion was based on patients with streptococci.

^bProportion was based on patients with staphylococci.

^cProportion was based on patients with S. aureus and CNS, respectively.

^dIncludes gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, C. albicans, gram-positive bacilli, Rhodococcus, S. paucimobilis, and A. viridans.