TABLE 2.
Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | Overall (N = 538) |
Worsened LVEF (n = 70) |
Unchanged LVEF (n = 253) |
Improved LVEF (n = 215) |
p Value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 58.9 ± 12.2 | 62.5 ± 13.2 | 58.6 ± 11.9 | 58.1 ± 12.1 | 0.03 |
| Sex | 0.21 | ||||
| Male | 377 (70.1) | 53 (75.7) | 182 (71.9) | 142 (66.0) | |
| Female | 161 (29.9) | 17 (24.3) | 71 (28.1) | 73 (34.0) | |
| Race | 0.48 | ||||
| White | 309 (57.4) | 44 (62.9) | 136 (53.8) | 129 (60.0) | |
| Black | 212 (39.4) | 25 (35.7) | 107 (42.3) | 80 (37.2) | |
| Other | 17 (3.2) | 1 (1.4) | 10 (4.0) | 6 (2.8) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.0 ± 6.6 | 30.3 ± 7.5 | 30.6 ± 6.4 | 29.3 ± 6.6 | 0.10 |
| Smoking | 0.55 | ||||
| Never | 189 (35.1) | 28 (40.0) | 94 (37.2) | 67 (31.2) | |
| Former | 249 (46.3) | 30 (42.9) | 111 (43.9) | 108 (50.2) | |
| Current | 100 (18.6) | 12 (17.1) | 48 (19.0) | 40 (18.6) | |
| Baseline LVEF, % | 21.8 ± 7.2 | 27.3 ± 5.6 | 21.6 ± 7.0 | 20.3 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| NYHA class | 0.36 | ||||
| Class I | 88 (16.4) | 7 (10.0) | 44 (17.4) | 37 (17.2) | |
| Class II | 245 (45.5) | 38 (54.3) | 114 (45.1) | 93 (43.3) | |
| Class III | 202 (37.5) | 24 (34.3) | 95 (37.5) | 83 (38.6) | |
| Class IV | 3 (0.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.9) | |
| Cardiomyopathy | 0.003 | ||||
| Nonischemic | 282 (52.4) | 29 (41.4) | 122 (48.2) | 131 (60.9) | |
| Ischemic | 256 (47.6) | 41 (58.6) | 131 (51.8) | 84 (39.1) | |
| QRS duration, ms | 120.6 ± 31.7 | 120.1 ± 29.4 | 119.2 ± 31.6 | 122.3 ± 32.6 | 0.58 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 132 (24.5) | 20 (28.6) | 56 (22.1) | 56 (26.0) | 0.43 |
| Diabetes | 164 (30.5) | 25 (35.7) | 89 (35.2) | 50 (23.3) | 0.01 |
| Hypertension | 303 (56.3) | 41 (58.6) | 148 (58.5) | 114 (53.0) | 0.45 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 136 (25.3) | 23 (32.9) | 68 (26.9) | 45 (20.9) | 0.20 |
| Medications | |||||
| Aspirin | 343 (63.8) | 49 (70.0) | 161 (63.6) | 133 (61.9) | 0.47 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 380 (70.6) | 54 (77.1) | 178 (70.4) | 148 (68.8) | 0.41 |
| Beta blocker | 482 (89.6) | 62 (88.6) | 224 (88.5) | 196 (91.2) | 0.62 |
| Thiazide/loop diuretics | 385 (71.6) | 48 (68.6) | 194 (76.7) | 143 (66.5) | 0.04 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 138 (25.7) | 13 (18.6) | 77 (30.4) | 48 (22.3) | 0.05 |
| Device type | 0.002 | ||||
| ICD | 353 (65.6) | 51 (72.9) | 180 (71.1) | 122 (56.7) | |
| CRT-D | 185 (34.4) | 19 (27.1) | 73 (28.9) | 93 (43.3) | |
| Lowest device cutoff rate (bpm) | 188.2 ± 14.1 | 186.6 ± 15.5 | 187.2 ± 13.1 | 189.8 ± 14.6 | 0.08 |
| ATP zone used | 316 (58.7) | 39 (55.7) | 164 (64.8) | 113 (52.6) | 0.03 |
Values are n (%) or means ± SD.
*
p values represent the comparison across the 3 groups of worsened (absolute decrease in LVEF >5%), unchanged (absolute change in LVEF −5 to 5%), and improved LVEF (absolute increase in LVEF >5%). ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ATP = antitachycardia pacing; NYHA = New York Heart Association; other abbreviations as in Table 1.