Fig. S4.

The dependence of FOV improvement on tissue thickness. To investigate the dependence of the FOV improvement with turbid-layer conjugation on the thickness of the tissue volume, we used numerical methods (36) to simulate the light propagation in a random turbid tissue. We set the tissue feature size to 2, 4, and 8 µm (i.e., how fast the refractive index changes over space). The center of the tissue was at 480 µm away from the focal plane, and we varied the tissue thickness from 20 to 960 µm. At 960 µm, there was no space between the focal plane and the tissue (fully occupied tissue volume). The thinner the tissue, the better the single conjugation worked. Although the tissue thickness was varied, we controlled its refractive index profile, so that all tissues reduced the Strehl ratio to 4–5%. We set the averaged refractive index of the tissue to 1.33 and used an NA 0.6 water-dipping lens to focus the incident light. We can see that the FOV advantage decreased as the tissue became thicker and thicker. What is interesting is that even when the tissue fully occupied the volume (960-µm-thick tissue; conjugation plane at 480 µm), single conjugation could still provide ∼threefold correction area compared with the pupil-plane correction. This implies that when correcting spatially varying wavefront distortions, it is always advantageous to conjugate the MEMS mirror to the tissue rather than to the pupil plane.