Table 2.
Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Onset by Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Nurses' Health Study II, 1989-2011)a
| Status | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | No. of Cases/Person-Years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | ||
| No trauma | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] | 540/252 308 |
| Trauma, no symptoms | 1.23 (1.11-1.35) | 1.21 (1.09-1.34) | 1.22 (1.10-1.35) | 1.20 (1.08-1.33) | 1467/516 784 |
| 1-3 Symptoms | 1.41 (1.24-1.60) | 1.36 (1.20-1.55) | 1.36 (1.20-1.55) | 1.30 (1.15-1.48) | 472/128 344 |
| 4 or 5 Symptoms | 1.52 (1.32-1.74) | 1.42 (1.23-1.64) | 1.41 (1.22-1.62) | 1.30 (1.12-1.50) | 313/80 058 |
| 6 or 7 Symptoms | 1.78 (1.52-2.07) | 1.50 (1.28-1.76) | 1.48 (1.26-1.73) | 1.33 (1.13-1.56) | 236/50 835 |
a
Adjusted for race, somatotype at 5 years of age, parental education, and maternal and paternal type 2 diabetes mellitus (N = 49 739).
b
Further adjusted for time-varying body mass index.
c
Further adjusted for time-varying smoking, physical activity, diet, and alcohol intake.
d
Further adjusted for time-varying recent antidepressant use.