Table A1.

Chemistry of the cellulose materials (average ± standard deviation).

Material	Type	Carbon (%)	Hydrogen (%)	Oxygen (%)	Sulfur (%)
CMC	Benchmark	41.5 ± 0.1	6.4 ± 0.1	52.3 ± 0.2	n.d.
CNC-A	Sulfated	40.0 ± 0.1	6.2 ± 0.1	51.6 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.0
CNC-B	Unsulfated	41.0±0.1	6.2 ± 0.0	52.2 ± 0.3	n.d.
CNC-C	Sulfated	39.0 ± 0.3	6.1 ± 0.1	53.3 ± 0.2	n.d.
CNF-T	TEMPO	39.2 ± 0.1	5.7 ± 0.0	53.9 ± 0.5	n.d.
CNF-H	Homogenizer	–	–	–	–

n.d. = non-detectable, and dash (−) denotes property could not be determined due to nature of sample.