FIG. 5.

GGE increases the secretion of chemokines and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in vitro. Mouse fibroblasts were cultured in vitro and stimulated in the presence or absence of GGE (100 μg/mL), and the concentrations of SDF-1/CXCL12, VEGF, and TGF-β1 were measured by EIA. The concentrations of SDF-1/CXCL12, VEGF, and TGF-β1 were increased in the supernatants of cells treated with GGE compared to untreated cells. Bars indicate the mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA with post hoc analysis using Fisher's predicted least significant difference test.