Table 1.
| Glossary Term | Description | Citation |
|---|---|---|
| Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) | Pavlovian conditioning used to measure the rewarding (or aversive) properties of drugs. During conditioning, rodents receive non-contingent injections of drug and saline in two distinct chambers. Testing consists of free access to both the saline-paired and drug-paired chamber, and often a third, unpaired (neutral) area. A drug is considered to be rewarding if the most time is spent in the drug- paired chamber, and aversive if the least amount of time is spent in the drug-paired chamber. |
Huston (2013) Tzschentke (1998) Bardo (2000) |
| Psychomotor sensitization | An increase in the behavioral effects (i.e., locomotor activity or stereotypies) of a drug that occurs with repeated exposure. Rodents receive repeated injections of drug non-contingently, and responses to the same dose of the drug increase over sessions. Following a period of withdrawal, animals receive a drug injection, and behavioral responses are greater in rodents that have received prior drug treatment compared to animals that are receiving the drug for the first time. Psychomotor sensitization can be used as a behavioral read-out of an underlying neural sensitization in addiction circuits. |
Steketee (2011) Robinson (2008) Robinson (2000) |
| Drug self- administration | Response-dependent administration of drug. Rodents learn that performing an operant response (e.g., lever press or nosepoke) on the active lever/port results in drug infusion whereas responses on the inactive lever/port does not. Reponses on active lever/port are higher than on inactive lever/port in animals that learn to self-administer drug. |
Belin-Rauscent (2015) Panlilo (2007) Everritt (2005) |
| Progressive Ratio | A schedule of reinforcement used to assess the motivation to take drugs during drug self- administration. Progressive ratio testing consists of increasing the response requirement for each subsequent drug infusion. The point at which an animal ceases to respond is termed the breakpoint. Higher breakpoints indicate higher levels of motivation to obtain drug. | Stafford (1998) |
| Compulsive behavior | Repetitive behaviors that develop over time. In the context of drug self-administration, compulsive drug-seeking can be defined by two different behaviors: 1) perseverance of drug-seeking when drug is not available, assessed by measuring responding during signaled drug-unavailable periods and 2) motivation to obtain drug, evaluated using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Compulsive animals show perseverance of cocaine seeking and higher breakpoints compared to non-compulsive mice. | Bock (2013) |
| Drug Craving | An affective state that can be produced following exposure to a drug, drug-associated cues or stress. In self-administration models, craving is inferred by a behavioral response (e.g. lever pressing or nose pokes). Higher behavioral responses suggest higher levels of craving. |
Pickens (2011) Marchant (2013) Li (2015) |
| Incubation of drug craving | A hypothetical motivational construct based on findings that cue-induced operant responding increases in proportion to the length of withdrawal that followed drug self-administration. More drug seeking is observed with longer periods of abstinence. |
Pickens (2011) Marchant (2013) Li (2015) |
| Reinstatement of drug-seeking | Model of relapse. Rodents learn to self-administer a drug, which is followed by extinction of responding. Subsequent presentation of drug-paired stimuli (e.g., cue, drug, or context) or a stressor restores operant responding. |
Marchant (2013) Bossert (2013) Epstein (2006) |