Table 1.
SFPS induced production of various cytokines and chemokines via the TLR4 signaling pathway.
| TNF-α (ng/mL)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No inhibitors | + PMB | + CLI | ||
| No treatment | 0.47 ± 0.02 | |||
| LPSa | 139.35 ± 9.92 | 3.52 ± 0.85*** | 0.12 ± 0.01*** | |
| SFPS (μg/mL) | 12.5 | 2.79 ± 1.51 | 1.57 ± 0.66 | 0.15 ± 0.03 |
| 50 | 13.07 ± 3.85 | 2.50 ± 1.00 | 0.27 ± 0.01*** | |
| 200 | 43.65 ± 10.40 | 8.13 ± 1.21*** | 1.55 ± 0.06*** | |
| IL-6 (ng/mL)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No inhibitors | + PMB | + CLI | ||
| No treatment | <0.01b | |||
| LPSa | 54.41 ± 3.71 | <0.12b | <0.12b | |
| SFPS (μg/mL) | 12.5 | <0.12b | <0.12b | <0.12b |
| 50 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | <0.12b | <0.12b | |
| 200 | 6.31 ± 1.75 | <0.12b | <0.12b | |
| G-CSF (ng/mL)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No inhibitors | + PMB | + CLI | ||
| No treatment | 0.90 ± 0.11 | |||
| LPSa | 754.94 ± 28.24 | 14.35 ± 7.20*** | <0.14 | |
| SFPS (μg/mL) | 12.5 | 1.95 ± 0.59 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 2.43 ± 3.01 |
| 50 | 44.19 ± 8.18 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 2.70 ± 1.74 | |
| 200 | 459.60 ± 91.03 | 0.61 ± 0.12*** | 29.46 ± 7.52*** | |
| MIP-1α (ng/mL)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No inhibitors | + PMB | + CLI | ||
| No treatment | >21.76b,c | |||
| LPSa | 1002.19 ± 15.82 | 76.77 ± 23.64*** | 11.68 ± 1.44*** | |
| SFPS (μg/mL) | 12.5 | 55.71 ± 7.28 | 31.71 ± 7.51 | 12.56 ± 1.74 |
| 50 | 250.64 ± 24.26 | 37.67 ± 6.29 | 16.29 ± 1.24 | |
| 200 | 816.70 ± 58.49 | 160.79 ± 9.00 | 31.86 ± 2.22* | |
| MIP-1β (ng/mL)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No inhibitors | + PMB | + CLI | ||
| No treatment | 15.71 ± 0.80 | |||
| LPSa | 806.20 ± 125.22 | 45.01 ± 15.22*** | 7.65 ± 0.98*** | |
| SFPS (μg/mL) | 12.5 | 54.61 ± 25.14 | 26.79 ± 8.83 | 8.79 ± 1.34 |
| 50 | 245.62 ± 47.17 | 38.72 ± 14.71* | 12.5 ± 0.90* | |
| 200 | 497.67 ± 46.91 | 160.08 ± 20.74*** | 25.21 ± 1.50*** | |
| MIP-2 (ng/mL)
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No inhibitors | + PMB | + CLI | ||
| No treatment | >19.78b,c | |||
| LPSa | >988.86 b | 66.70 ± 19.93 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | |
| SFPS (μg/mL) | 12.5 | 19.45 ± 5.94 | 14.70 ± 7.49 | 1.36 ± 0.74 |
| 50 | 107.34 ± 12.51 | 23.98 ± 8.72 | 0.68 ± 0.01 | |
| 200 | 612.22 ± 108.22 | 88.55 ± 35.64 | 1.58 ± 0.44 | |
Data are expressed as means ± standard error of mean (n = 4). Comparisons between no inhibitors values to either stimuli (i.e., LPS or SFPS).
*
p<0.05;
**
p<0.01;
***
p<0.001.
a
Ultrapure LPS from E. coli 0111:B4 used at 100 ng/mL was used as a positive control and to confirm the effectiveness of both inhibitors.
b
The concentrations were either lower or higher than the detection ranges of the kit.
c
These concentrations are higher than the detection range, however, they are lower than some of data from other treatment, this is because of different dilution factors (control: 2-fold dilution, LPS: 100-fold dilution, SFPS: 10-fold dilution).