Table 3.
Effect sizes on post-test means adjusted for pretest, reading and random effects.
| 1 vs. 4 | 2 vs. 4 | 3 vs. 4 | 1 vs. 3 | 2 vs. 3 | 1 vs. 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MD-LWM | ||||||
| CMAT | 0.08 | 0.22 | −0.10 | 0.15 | 0.27 | −0.14 |
| Visual-Span | 0.42 | 0.92 | 0.36 | 0.06 | 0.55 | −0.48 |
| Oper-Span | 0.01 | −0.25 | −0.14 | 0.13 | −0.11 | 0.22 |
| MD-HWM | ||||||
| CMAT | 0.70 | 0.07 | 0.44 | 0.19 | −0.28 | 0.43 |
| Visual-Span | 0.26 | 0.69 | 3.89 | −1.52 | −1.47 | −0.30 |
| Oper-Span | 0.03 | −0.07 | 1.27 | −1.51 | −1.81 | 0.12 |
| NMD-LWM | ||||||
| CMAT | −0.11 | −1.00 | −0.53 | 0.44 | −0.35 | 0.94 |
| Visual-Span | −0.18 | 0.85 | −0.16 | −0.04 | 0.89 | −0.80 |
| Oper-Span | −0.36 | −0.20 | 0.53 | −0.98 | −0.74 | −0.18 |
| NMD-HWM | ||||||
| CMAT | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.08 |
| Visual-Span | 0.88 | 1.25 | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.97 | −0.31 |
| Oper-Span | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.03 |
1, Verbal-emphasis Condition; 2, Verbal + Visual Condition; 3, Visual-emphasis Condition, and 4, Control. Bold positive ES reflects moderate (>0.50) to high ESs (>0.80) outcomes in favor of strategy conditions relative to control condition. CMAT, Comprehensive Math Abilities Test, Oper, Operation Span, Visual-span, Visual matrix span measure.