Table I.
Individual and Occupational Factors by Current Smoking among Building Trades Workers (N=1,817)
| Totala |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total N=1,817 | Current Smoker N=763, 42.7% | Non Smoker N=1025, 57.3% | P-value* |
| Individual factors | ||||
| Age (year) | <0.001 | |||
| Mean ± SD (range) | 28.5 ± 6.6 (18–53) | 27.7 ± 5.9 (18–49) | 29.1 ± 7.0 (18–53) | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.351 | |||
| Male | 1679 (92.4) | 700 (91.7) | 957 (93.4) | |
| Female | 88 (4.8) | 44 (5.8) | 44 (4.3) | |
| Missing | 50 (2.8) | 19 (2.5) | 24 (2.3) | |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| Hispanic | 65 (3.6) | 18 (2.4) | 44(4.3) | |
| African America, non-Hispanic | 125 (6.9) | 40 (5.2) | 85(8.3) | |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 114 (6.3) | 44 (5.8) | 69(6.7) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 1389 (76.4) | 619 (81.1) | 753 (73.5) | |
| Missing | 124 (6.8) | 42 (5.5) | 74 (7.2) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.026 | |||
| High school/GEDb or less | 894 (49.2) | 392 (51.4) | 490 (47.8) | |
| Some college or 2-year degree | 674 (37.1) | 287 (37.6) | 379 (37.0) | |
| 4-year college degree or more | 155 (8.5) | 48 (6.3) | 105 (10.2) | |
| Missing | 94 (5.2) | 36 (4.7) | 51 (5.0) | |
| Income, n (%) | 0.090 | |||
| <$50,000 | 675 (37.1) | 301 (39.4) | 365 (35.6) | |
| $50,000-74,999 | 390 (21.5) | 172 (22.5) | 211 (20.6) | |
| ≥$75,000 | 474 (26.1) | 181 (23.7) | 291 (28.4) | |
| Missing | 278 (15.3) | 109 (14.3) | 158 (15.4) | |
| Self-rated health, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Excellent | 260 (14.3) | 77 (10.1) | 178 (17.4) | |
| Very good | 768 (42.3) | 282 (37.0) | 475 (46.3) | |
| Good | 655 (36.0) | 332 (43.5) | 316 (30.8) | |
| Fair | 108 (5.9) | 63 (8.3) | 41 (4.0) | |
| Poor | 11 (0.6) | 7 (0.9) | 4 (0.4) | |
| Missing | 15 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 11 (1.1) | |
| Occupational factors | ||||
| Trade type, n (%) | 0.807 | |||
| Electricians | 754 (41.5) | 303 (39.7) | 439 (42.8) | |
| Plumbers and pipefitters | 576 (31.7) | 245 (32.1) | 327 (31.9) | |
| Bricklayers | 152 (8.4) | 68 (8.9) | 76 (7.4) | |
| Ironworkers | 110 (6.1) | 50 (6.6) | 59 (5.8) | |
| Painters | 117 (6.4) | 50 (6.6) | 63 (6.1) | |
| Sprinkler fitters | 78 (4.3) | 33 (4.3) | 45 (4.4) | |
| Operating engineers | 30 (1.7) | 14 (1.8) | 16 (1.6) | |
| Union commitmentc | 0.215 | |||
| Mean ± SD (range) | 17.7±2.0 (9–20) | 17.8 ± 2.0 (9–20) | 17.6 ± 2.0 (9–20) | |
| Job satisfaction, n (%) | 0.144 | |||
| Very satisfied | 1081 (59.5) | 468 (61.3) | 599 (58.4) | |
| Somewhat satisfied | 525 (32.0) | 232 (30.4) | 341 (33.3) | |
| Not too satisfied | 101 (5.6) | 40 (5.2) | 59 (5.8) | |
| Not at all satisfied | 24 (1.3) | 14 (1.8) | 8 (0.8) | |
| Missing | 29 (1.6) | 9 (1.2) | 18 (1.8) | |
| Exposure to occupational hazards | ||||
| Work-related musculoskeletal hazards, n (%) | 0.064 | |||
| Exposed | 1036 (57.0) | 456 (59.8) | 565 (55.1) | |
| Not exposed | 770 (42.4) | 305 (40.0) | 452 (44.1) | |
| Missing | 11 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 8 (0.8) | |
| Dust, n (%) | 0.015 | |||
| Exposed | 1394 (76.7) | 611 (80.1) | 761 (74.2) | |
| Unexposed | 397 (21.8) | 143 (18.7) | 249 (24.3) | |
| Missing | 26 (1.4) | 9 (1.2) | 15 (1.5) | |
| Chemicals, n (%) | 0.011 | |||
| Exposed | 499 (27.5) | 238 (31.2) | 254 (24.8) | |
| Unexposed | 1290 (71.0) | 516 (67.6) | 756 (73.8) | |
| Missing | 28 (1.5) | 9 (1.2) | 15 (1.5) | |
| SHSd, n (%) | 0.073 | |||
| Exposed | 776 (42.7) | 339 (44.4) | 429 (41.9) | |
| Unexposed | 1021 (56.2) | 421 (55.2) | 582 (56.8) | |
| Missing | 20 (1.1) | 3(0.4) | 14 (1.4) | |
| Injuries, n (%) | 0.760 | |||
| Exposed | 527 (29.0) | 227 (29.8) | 295 (28.8) | |
| Unexposed | 1272 (70.0) | 530 (69.5) | 719 (70.1) | |
| Missing | 18 (1.0) | 6 (0.8) | 11 (1.1) | |
| Concern about exposure to occupational hazardse | <0.001 | |||
| Mean ± SD (range) | 15.6 ± 4.5 (6–24) | 14.9 ± 4.3 (6–24) | 16.2 ± 4.6 (6–24) | |
All values were calculated prior to imputing missing covariates.
a
Twenty-nine participants did not reply to the smoking outcome variable.
b
GED, general educational development.
c
A high score indicates more a positive view toward the union.
d
SHS, second-hand smoke.
e
A high score indicates more concern about exposure to occupational hazards.
*
P value for χ2 test or t-test.