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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Schizophr Res. 2015 Feb 7;167(0):57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.025

Figure 2. Medication appears to ‘correct’ GABAergic deficits in the ACC in male patients with schizophrenia.

Figure 2

The relative expression of each GABA-A receptor subunit and GAD67 is compared in schizophrenia subjects on and off medication at the time of death. Male schizophrenia subjects on medication have a generalized increase in the expression of the majority of genes tested relative to the patients off medication. Post-hoc analyses reveal significant alterations in the expression levels of specific genes; the off medication group had significantly lower expression compared with both the controls and the on medication groups for the genes encoding GABA-Aα1 (p=0.005 and 0.006 respectively), GABA-Aα2 (p=0.010 and 0.005), GABA-Aα3 (p=0.003 and 0.007), GABA-Aγ2 (p=0.004 and 0.008), and GAD67 (p=0.005 and 0.013); expression in the control group was higher than both the on and off medication schizophrenia groups for GABA-Aα5 (p=0.012 for both) and GABA-Aβ1 (p=0.023 and 0.024 respectively), medicated schizophrenia cases showed higher expression of GABA-Aβ2 than the off medication group (p=0.015), the control group had higher expression of GABA-Aγ3 (p=0.050) and GABA-Aε (p=0.049) than the medicated schizophrenia group, and there were no changes of expression for GABA-Aδ and GABA-Aγ1. Values shown are mean + SEM of the expression of each target gene normalized to the geometric mean of three housekeeping genes (GUSB, PPIA, and GAPDH), measured by qPCR. * indicates p≤0.05; ** indicates p≤0.01.