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. 2015 Jun 10;100(8):E1056–E1064. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-4032

Table 4.

Multivariable Linear Regression for Selected CVD Risk Factors Compared to the Referent Group (Low Density/Low Ratio)

Dependent Variable High Density/High Ratio
 High Density/Low Ratio
 Low Density/High Ratio
OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P
Women
    Total cholesterol, mg/dL
        MV −7.0 (−12.2 to −1.8) .008 −12.4 (−17.3 to −7.5) <.0001 3.2 (−1.8 to 8.2) .21
        MV + SAT −4.8 (−10.2 to 0.6) .08 −10.0 (−15.2 to −4.8) .0002 4.0 (−1.1 to 9.1) .12
    HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
        MV −3.2 (−5.6 to −0.8) .01 6.3 (4.1 to 8.6) <.0001 −3.7 (−6.0 to −1.3) .002
        MV + SAT −6.7 (−9.1 to −4.3) <.0001 2.5 (0.1 to 4.8) .04 −5.0 (−7.2 to −2.7) <.0001
    Log triglycerides, mg/dL
        MV 0.1 (−0.0 to 0.1) .06 −0.3 (−0.3 to −0.2) <.0001 0.2 (0.1 to 0.2) <.0001
        MV + SAT 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) <.0001 −0.1 (−0.2 to −0.1) .0003 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) <.0001
    Fasting glucose, mg/dL
        MV 4.8 (2.2 to 7.4) .0004 −2.5 (−5.0 to 0.0) .051 2.8 (0.3 to 5.4) .03
        MV + SAT 8.9 (6.2 to 11.5) <.0001 2.1 (−0.5 to 4.6) .11 4.3 (1.9 to 6.8) .0006
    Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
        MV 0.4 (−2.0 to 2.8) .75 −5.3 (−7.5 to −3.0) <.0001 2.8 (0.5 to 5.1) .02
        MV + SAT 3.8 (1.3 to 6.2) .002 −1.5 (−3.8 to 0.8) .21 4.0 (1.8 to 6.3) .0005
    Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
        MV −0.4 (−1.7 to 1.0) .57 −3.5 (−4.8 to −2.3) <.0001 2.0 (0.7 to 3.3) .003
        MV + SAT 1.4 (0.0 to 2.8) .04 −1.5 (−2.9 to −0.2) .02 2.6 (1.4 to 3.9) <.0001
    VAT/SAT ratio
        MV 0.28 (0.26 to 0.31) <.0001 −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) .26 0.23 (0.20 to 0.25) <.0001
        MV + SAT 0.47 (0.44 to 0.51) <.0001 −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) .006 0.41 (0.38 to 0.45) <.0001
    BMI, kg/m2
        MV −1.1 (−1.9 to −0.2) .01 −3.3 (−4.1 to −2.5) <.0001 0.1 (−0.8 to 0.9) .88
        MV + SAT 3.3 (2.9 to 3.7) <.0001 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) <.0001 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) <.0001
    Waist circumference
        MV −3.5 (−5.7 to −1.3) .002 −9.8 (−11.8 to −7.7) <.0001 1.1 (−1.0 to 3.2) .30
        MV + SAT 7.7 (6.6 to 8.7) <.0001 2.7 (1.7 to 3.7) <.0001 5.4 (4.4 to 6.4) <.0001
    SAT, cm3
        MV −1231.0 (−1441.0 to −1021.0) <.0001 −1368.4 (−1567 to −1169.9) <.0001 −457.4 (−660.6 to −254.2) <.0001
        MV + SAT NA NA NA NA NA NA
    VAT, cm3
        MV 341.6 (239.5 to 443.6) <.0001 −436.0 (−532.5 to −339.5) <.0001 643.2 (544.4 to 741.9) <.0001
        MV + SAT 819.5 (755.5 to 883.5) <.0001 95.3 (33.8 to 156.7) .002 820.8 (761.0 to 880.6) <.0001
    Subcutaneous HU, cm3
        MV 6.9 (6.4 to 7.5) <.0001 7.0 (6.5 to 7.5) <.0001 0.5 (−0.1 to 1.0) .10
        MV + SAT 5.8 (5.2 to 6.3) <.0001 5.7 (5.2 to 6.3) <.0001 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.6) .90
    Visceral HU, cm3
        MV −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.5) .80 3.4 (2.9 to 3.9) <.0001 −3.8 (−4.3 to −3.3) <.0001
        MV + SAT −1.6 (−2.1 to −1.2) <.0001 1.7 (1.2 to 2.1) <.0001 −4.4 (−4.8 to −3.9) <.0001
Men
    Total cholesterol, mg/dL
        MV −1.9 (−6.2 to 2.5) .40 −6.5 (−11.1 to −1.8) .006 4.8 (0.1 to 9.5) .05
        MV + SAT −2.4 (−7.6 to 2.7) .35 −6.9 (−12.0 to −1.8) .008 4.5 (−0.5 to 9.4) .08
    HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
        MV −0.9 (−2.4 to 0.6) .24 5.0 (3.4 to 6.7) <.0001 −1.4 (−3.1 to 0.2) .10
        MV + SAT −4.8 (−6.5 to −3.0) <.0001 2.1 (0.3 to 3.8) .02 −3.5 (−5.2 to −1.8) <.0001
    Log triglycerides, mg/dL
        MV 0.1 (−0.0 to 0.1) .12 −0.3 (−0.3 to −0.2) <.0001 0.1 (0.1 to 0.2) .0004
        MV + SAT 0.2 (0.1 to 0.3) <.0001 −0.1 (−0.2 to −0.0) .002 0.2 (0.2 to 0.3) <.0001
    Fasting glucose, mg/dL
        MV 3.0 (−0.1 to 6.0) .06 0.1 (−3.2 to 3.3) .97 −1.0 (−4.3 to 2.3) .54
        MV + SAT 10.0 (6.5 to 13.5) <.0001 5.5 (2.0 to 9.0) .002 2.8 (−0.6 to 6.2) .10
    Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg
        MV −1.2 (−3.0 to 0.6) .18 −4.2 (−6.1 to −2.3) <.001 0.2 (−1.7 to 2.1) .83
        MV + SAT 2.3 (0.3 to 4.4) .03 −1.5 (−3.5 to 0.5) .15 2.1 (0.2 to 4.1) .03
    Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg
        MV −1.6 (−2.7 to 0.4) .008 −3.8 (−5.0 to −2.5) <.0001 0.1 (−1.1 to 1.4) .82
        MV + SAT 1.0 (−0.4 to 2.3) .16 −1.8 (−3.1 to −0.5) .007 1.5 (0.2 to 2.8) .02
    VAT/SAT ratio
        MV 0.58 (0.54 to 0.61) <.0001 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) .92 0.47 (0.43 to 0.50) <.0001
        MV + SAT 0.47 (0.44 to 0.51) <.0001 −0.08 (−0.11 to −0.04) <.0001 0.41 (0.38 to 0.45) <.0001
    BMI, kg/m2
        MV −3.0 (−3.6 to −2.4) <.0001 −3.1 (−3.7 to −2.5) <.0001 −1.3 (−2.0 to −0.7) <.0001
        MV + SAT 3.0 (2.7 to 3.4) <.0001 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) <.0001 1.9 (1.6 to 2.3) <.0001
    Waist circumference
        MV −9.5 (−10.9 to −8.1) <.0001 −9.8 (−11.3 to −8.3) <.0001 −4.1 (−5.6 to −2.6) <.0001
        MV + SAT 6.2 (5.4 to 6.9) <.0001 2.4 (1.7 to 3.2) <.0001 4.5 (3.7 to 5.2) <.0001
    SAT, cm3
        MV −1681.9 (−1814.7 to - 1549.1) <.0001 −1302.7 (−1443.7 to −1161.7) <.001 −919.7 (−1063.1 to −776.3) <.0001
        MV + SAT NA NA NA NA NA NA
    VAT, cm3
        MV 63.1 (−43.2 to 169.4) .25 −769.7 (−882.5 to −656.8) <.0001 685.5 (570.7 to 800.3) <.0001
        MV + SAT 1019.3 (931.8 to 1106.8) <.0001 −29.0 (−116.0 to 57.9) .51 1208.4 (1123.8 to 1293.0) <.0001
    Subcutaneous HU, cm3
        MV 6.4 (6.0 to 6.8) <.0001 6.7 (6.2 to 7.1) <.0001 0.7 (0.3 to 1.2) .001
        MV + SAT 4.5 (4.0 to 4.9) <.0001 5.2 (4.7 to 5.6) <.0001 −0.3 (−0.7 to 0.1) .17
    Visceral HU, cm3
        MV 1.2 (0.7 to 1.6) <.0001 5.5 (5.0 to 6.0) <.0001 −2.7 (−3.2 to −2.2) <.0001
        MV + SAT −1.1 (−1.6 to −0.7) <.0001 3.7 (3.2 to 4.2) <.0001 −4.02 (−4.5 to −3.5) <.0001

Estimates give differences in odds of the dependent variable in each group compared to the referent group (low SAT HU/low ratio). The multivariable (MV) model was adjusted for age, current smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, and hormone replacement therapy (models in women only). The MV + SAT model also adjusts for the absolute volume of SAT. NA, not applicable.