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Inhibition of overactive bladder reflex by TNS during AA infusion was removed by naloxone administered either intravenously (A and B) or by topical application to the surface of the brain stem (C and D). A and C: CMG traces with or without TNS. B and D: summarized results for intravenous (n = 10 cats) or brain stem (n = 7 cats) administration of naloxone. TNS: 5 Hz or 30 Hz, 0.2 ms pulse width, intensity 3T = 0.66–9 V.
