TABLE II.

COMMON GENES SHARED BY OBESITY, CRC AND OSTEOPOROSIS, AND PLAUSIBLE EVIDENCE SUPPORTING THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE THREE DISEASES.

GENES	OBESITY	CRC	OSTEOPOROSIS
PPP1R15A*	In the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, which regulates appetite [34]	Mutations in the BMP pathway are related with colorectal carcinogenesis [35]	In the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway, which are associated with bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis [36]
FOS	diet-induced obesity is accompanied by alteration of FOS expression [37]	Proto-oncogene, in the KEGG pathway of colorectal cancer [38]	Mice lacking c-fos develop severe osteopetrosis [39]
FOSB	positive association between maternal obesity [40]	Oncogene, regulators of cell proliferation, has a debatable impact on CRC patient survival [41]	Overexpression of FosB increases bone formation [42]
HADHA*	Associated with multiple fatty acid metabolism pathways [43]	Unknown. Associated with breast cancer [44]	Unknown.
JUN	The c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Promotes Insulin Resistance [45]	Proto-oncogene, in the KEGG pathway of colorectal cancer [38]	Associated with osteogenesis [46, 47]
NRIP1*	Down-regulated in obese subjects, may suggest a compensatory mechanism to favor energy expenditure and reduce fat accumulation in obesity states [48]	Unknown. Involved in regulation of E2F1, an oncogene [49]	Modulates transcriptional activity of the estrogen receptor. Interact with ESR1 and ESR2 in osteoporosis [50]

^*novel genes not involving insulin resistance pathways