Table 2.
Diabetes risk as a function of the number of specific antibiotic courses
| Antibiotic type | Number of antibiotic courses | Cases (N=208,002) | Controls (N=815,576) | Crude OR | Adjusted OR*,1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | 0 | 110,539 (53.14%) | 486,880 (59.7%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 34,344 (16.51%) | 133,063 (16.32%) | 1.24 (1.22–1.25) P<0.0001 |
1.02 (0.99–1.06) P=0.18 |
|
| 2–5 | 45,356 (21.81%) | 150,883 (18.5%) | 1.51 (1.49–1.53) P<0.0001 |
1.08 (1.05–1.11) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 17,763 (8.54%) | 44,750 (5.49%) | 2.12 (2.08–2.17) P<0.0001 |
1.23 (1.18–1.28) P<0.0001 |
|
| Cephalosporines | 0 | 181,218 (87.12%) | 734,860 (90.1%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 15,497 (7.45%) | 49,092 (6.02%) | 1.34 (1.31–1.37) P<0.0001 |
1.09 (1.05–1.13) P<0.0001 |
|
| 2–5 | 9,266 (4.45%) | 26,889 (3.3%) | 1.49 (1.46–1.53) P<0.0001 |
1.11 (1.06–1.17) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 2,021 (0.97%) | 4,735 (0.58%) | 1.89 (1.79–2.0) P<0.0001 |
1.32 (1.19–1.46) P<0.0001 |
|
| Macrolides | 0 | 170,682 (82.06%) | 701,900 (86.06%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 20,535 (9.87%) | 67,448 (8.27%) | 1.3 (1.28–1.32) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (1.01–1.08) P=0.01 |
|
| 2–5 | 13,654 (6.56%) | 38,824 (4.76%) | 1.52 (1.49–1.55) P<0.0001 |
1.11 (1.07–1.16) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 3,131 (1.51%) | 7,404 (0.91%) | 1.86 (1.78–1.94) P<0.0001 |
1.32 (1.22–1.43) P<0.0001 |
|
| Quinolones | 0 | 192,616 (92.6%) | 770,205 (94.44%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 9,803 (4.71%) | 30,392 (3.73%) | 1.31 (1.28–1.35) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (1.0–1.1) P=0.05 |
|
| 2–5 | 4,675 (2.25%) | 12,866 (1.58%) | 1.49 (1.44–1.54) P<0.0001 |
1.15 (1.08–1.23) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 908 (0.44%) | 2,113 (0.26%) | 1.78 (1.65–1.93) P<0.0001 |
1.37 (1.19–1.58) P<0.0001 |
|
| TMP/SMX | 0 | 180,047 (86.56%) | 723,037 (88.65%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 16,375 (7.87%) | 56,353 (6.91%) | 1.19 (1.17–1.22) P<0.0001 |
0.98 (0.94–1.02) P=0.31 |
|
| 2–5 | 9,652 (4.64%) | 30,700 (3.76%) | 1.31 (1.28–1.34) P<0.0001 |
1.1 (1.05–1.15) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 1,928 (0.93%) | 5,486 (0.67%) | 1.48 (1.41–1.56) P<0.001 |
1.08 (0.98–1.19) P=0.14 |
|
| Tetracyclines | 0 | 186,719 (89.77%) | 745,298 (91.38%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 12,902 (6.2%) | 42,940 (5.26%) | 1.22 (1.2–1.255) P<0.0001 |
1.06 (1.01–1.11) P=0.008 |
|
| 2–5 | 6,527 (3.14%) | 21,068 (2.58%) | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (0.99–1.12) P=0.07 |
|
| >5 | 1,854 (0.89%) | 6,270 (0.77%) | 1.21 (1.15–1.28) P<0.0001 |
1.21 (1.09–1.33) P=0.001 |
|
| Imidazole | 0 | 198,482 (95.42%) | 785,703 (96.34%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 7,129 (3.43%) | 23,240 (2.85%) | 1.23 (1.2–1.27) P<0.0001 |
1.06 (1.0–1.12) P=0.03 |
|
| 2–5 | 2,202 (1.06%) | 6,245 (0.77%) | 1.43 (1.36–1.51) P<0.0001 |
1.06 (0.97–1.17) P=0.21 |
|
| >5 | 189 (0.09%) | 388 (0.05%) | 1.97 (1.66–2.35) P<0.0001 |
1.26 (0.9–1.76) P=0.18 |
|
| Anti-fungals | 0 | 195,344 (93.91%) | 773,351 (94.82%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 6,833 (3.29%) | 22,275 (2.73%) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) P<0.0001 |
1.04 (0.98–1.09) P=0.22 |
|
| 2–5 | 4,683 (2.25%) | 16,216 (1.99%) | 1.16 (1.12–1.2) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (0.99–1.12) P=0.1 |
|
| >5 | 1,142 (0.55%) | 3,734 (0.46%) | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) P<0.0001 |
1.01 (0.9–1.15) P=0.82 |
|
| Anti-virals | 0 | 203,035 (97.61%) | 797,785 (97.82%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 4,351 (2.09%) | 15,443 (1.89%) | 1.11 (1.07–1.15) P<0.0001 |
0.99 (0.93–1.06) P=0.76 |
|
| 2–5 | 465 (0.22%) | 1,756 (0.22%) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) P=0.37 |
0.92 (0.77–1.11) P=0.4 |
|
| >5 | 151 (0.07%) | 592 (0.07%) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) P=0.91 |
0.95 (0.69–1.31) P=0.75 |
*
Adjusted for BMI, smoking, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia treated with statins, last glucose level before index date, number of urinary tract, skin and respiratory infections before index date.
1
After the Bonferroni correction, the p-value needed to show statistical significance was 0.006.