Table 3.
Diabetes risk among subjects without previous urinary or skin infections, as a function of the number of specific antibiotic courses
| Antibiotic type | Number of antibiotic courses | Cases (N=139,732) | Controls (N=440,587) | Crude OR | Adjusted OR*,1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | 0 | 80,349 (57.5%) | 283,591 (64.37%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 23,702 (16.96%) | 70,488 (16.0%) | 1.25 (1.23–1.28) P<0.0001 |
1.03 (0.99–1.08) P=0.13 |
|
| 2–5 | 27,607 (19.76%) | 70,447 (15.99%) | 1.52 (1.49–1.54) P<0.0001 |
1.1 (1.06–1.15) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 8,074 (5.78%) | 16,061 (3.65%) | 2.03 (1.96–2.09) P<0.0001 |
1.26 (1.18–1.34) P<0.0001 |
|
| Cephalosporines | 0 | 127,493 (91.24%) | 412,250 (93.57%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 8,112 (5.81%) | 19,448 (4.41%) | 1.35 (1.31–1.38) P<0.0001 |
1.13 (1.06–1.2) P<0.0001 |
|
| 2–5 | 3,663 (2.62%) | 7,985 (1.81%) | 1.49 (1.43–1.55) P<0.0001 |
1.19 (1.1–1.3) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 464 (0.33%) | 904 (0.21%) | 1.68 (1.49–1.88) P<0.0001 |
1.23 (0.98–1.55) P=0.08 |
|
| Macrolides | 0 | 118,791 (85.01%) | 390,337 (88.59%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 12,300 (8.8%) | 31,353 (7.12%) | 1.3 (1.27–1.33) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (1.0–1.1) P=0.08 |
|
| 2–5 | 7,274 (5.21%) | 16,314 (3.7%) | 1.48 (1.44–1.53) P<0.0001 |
1.11 (1.04–1.18) P=0.001 |
|
| >5 | 1,367 (0.98%) | 2,583 (0.59%) | 1.75 (1.64–1.87) P<0.0001 |
1.45 (1.27–1.67) P<0.0001 |
|
| Quinolones | 0 | 132,504 (94.83%) | 423,175 (96.05%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 4,963 (3.55%) | 12,447 (2.83%) | 1.27 (1.23–1.32) P<0.0001 |
1.1 (1.03–1.19) P=0.007 |
|
| 2–5 | 1,968 (1.41%) | 4,447 (1.01%) | 1.42 (1.34–1.5) P<0.0001 |
1.24 (1.12–1.38) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 297 (0.21%) | 518 (0.12%) | 1.85 (1.6–2.14) P<0.0001 |
1.64 (1.24–2.16) P<0.0001 |
|
| TMP/SMX | 0 | 128,308 (91.82%) | 410,732 (93.22%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 7,876 (5.64%) | 21,019 (4.77%) | 1.17 (1.14–1.2) P<0.0001 |
0.97 (0.91–1.03) P=0.31 |
|
| 2–5 | 3,212 (2.3%) | 7,998 (1.82%) | 1.28 (1.22–1.33) P<0.0001 |
1.12 (1.03–1.22) P=0.007 |
|
| >5 | 336 (0.24%) | 838 (0.19%) | 1.29 (1.14–1.47) P<00.001 |
1.1 (0.86–1.4) P=0. |
|
| Tetracyclines | 0 | 127,458 (91.22%) | 408,529 (92.72%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 7,611 (5.45%) | 19,855 (4.51%) | 1.22 (1.18–1.25) P<0.0001 |
1.08 (1.01–1.15) P=0.02 |
|
| 2–5 | 3,590 (2.57%) | 9,273 (2.1%) | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) P<0.0001 |
1.04 (0.95–1.13) P=0.42 |
|
| >5 | 1,073 (0.77%) | 2,930 (0.67%) | 1.18 (1.1–1.26) P<0.0001 |
1.28 (1.1–1.48) P=0.001 |
|
| Imidazole | 0 | 134,909 (96.55%) | 428,520 (97.26%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 3,782 (2.71%) | 9,686 (2.2%) | 1.2 (1.16–1.25) P<0.0001 |
1.04 (0.96–1.13) P=0.33 |
|
| 2–5 | 969 (0.69%) | 2,248 (0.51%) | 1.33 (1.23–1.44) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (0.9–1.23) P=0.5 |
|
| >5 | 72 (0.05%) | 133 (0.03%) | 1.71 (1.28–2.29) P<0.0001 |
1.36 (0.75–2.48) P=0.31 |
|
| Anti-fungals | 0 | 137,722 (94.98%) | 421,447 (95.66%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 3,855 (2.76%) | 10,127 (2.3%) | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) P<0.0001 |
1.04 (0.96–1.13) P=0.34 |
|
| 2–5 | 2,552 (1.83%) | 7,311 (1.66%) | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) P<0.0001 |
1.05 (0.96–1.16) P=0.27 |
|
| >5 | 603 (0.43%) | 1,702 (0.39%) | 1.13 (1.02–1.24) P=0.01 |
0.98 (0.82–1.18) P=0.85 |
|
| Anti-virals | 0 | 136,862 (97.95%) | 432,631 (98.19%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 2,514 (1.8%) | 6,857 (1.56%) | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) P<0.0001 |
0.97 (0.88–1.07) P=0.52 |
|
| 2–5 | 271 (0.19%) | 847 (0.19%) | 1.02 (0.88–1.17) P=0.83 |
0.86 (0.66–1.13) P=0.28 |
|
| >5 | 85 (0.06%) | 252 (0.06%) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) P=0.57 |
1.05 (0.67–1.66) P=0.82 |
*
Adjusted for BMI, smoking, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia treated with statins, last glucose level before index date, and number of respiratory infections before index date.
1
After the Bonferroni correction, the p-value needed to show statistical significance was 0.006.