Table 4.
Diabetes risk among subjects with type 1 diabetes as a function of the number of specific antibiotic courses
| Antibiotic type | Number of antibiotic courses | Cases (N=15,505) | Controls (N=61,418) | Crude OR | Adjusted OR*,1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillins | 0 | 8,723 (56.26%) | 38,025 (61.91%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 2,333 (15.05%) | 9,469 (15.42%) | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) P<0.0001 |
1.02 (0.86–1.22) P=0.8 |
|
| 2–5 | 3,186 (20.55%) | 10,810 (17.6%) | 1.54 (1.46–1.62) P<0.0001 |
1.25 (1.06–1.48) P=0.007 |
|
| >5 | 1,263 (8.15%) | 3,114 (5.07%) | 2.35 (2.17–2.55) P<0.0001 |
1.41 (1.11–1.78) P=0.004 |
|
| Cephalosporines | 0 | 13,953 (89.99%) | 56,900 (92.64%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 933 (6.02%) | 2,941 (4.79%) | 1.38 (1.27–1.49) P<0.0001 |
1.06 (0.85–1.31) P=0.626 |
|
| 2–5 | 518 (3.34%) | 1,415 (2.3%) | 1.63 (1.46–1.82) P<0.0001 |
1.63 (1.26–2.11) P<0.0001 |
|
| >5 | 101 (0.65%) | 162 (0.26%) | 2.85 (2.21–3.68) P<0.0001 |
1.99 (1.09–3.66) P=0.03 |
|
| Macrolides | 0 | 13,071 (84.3%) | 54,049 (88.0%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 1,402 (9.04%) | 4,499 (7.33%) | 1.35 (1.27–1.44) P<0.0001 |
1.1 (0.91–1.32) P=0.33 |
|
| 2–5 | 837 (5.4%) | 2,455 (4.0%) | 1.51 (1.39–1.65) P<0.0001 |
1.18 (0.95–1.46) P=0.14 |
|
| >5 | 195 (1.26%) | 415 (0.68%) | 2.12 (1.78–2.53) P<0.0001 |
1.55 (1.01–2.38) P=0.04 |
|
| Quinolones | 0 | 14,858 (95.83%) | 59,782 (97.34%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 415 (2.68%) | 1,260 (2.05%) | 1.36 (1.21–1.52) P<0.0001 |
1.04 (0.79–1.36) P=0.78 |
|
| 2–5 | 181 (1.17%) | 338 (0.55%) | 2.24 (1.86–2.7) P<0.0001 |
1.61 (1.06–2.45) P=0.03 |
|
| >5 | 51 (0.33%) | 38 (0.06%) | 5.52 (3.62–8.41) P<0.0001 |
2.1 (0.86–5.21) P=0.1 |
|
| TMP/SMX | 0 | 14,050 (90.62%) | 56,716 (92.34%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 914 (5.89%) | 3,125 (5.09%) | 1.21 (1.12–1.31) P<0.0001 |
0.93 (0.76–1.14) P=0.47 |
|
| 2–5 | 463 (2.99%) | 1,388 (2.26%) | 1.41 (1.26–1.57) P<0.0001 |
1.12 (0.86–1.44) P=0.4 |
|
| >5 | 78 (0.5%) | 189 (0.31%) | 1.74 (1.33–2.28) P<0.0001 |
1.18 (0.63–2.21) P=0.6 |
|
| Tetracyclines | 0 | 14,424 (93.03%) | 57,585 (93.76%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 652 (4.21%) | 2,171 (3.53%) | 1.21 (1.1–1.32) P<0.0001 |
1.18 (0.94–1.49) P=0.15 |
|
| 2–5 | 319 (2.06%) | 1,194 (1.94%) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) P=0.24 |
0.95 (0.71–1.29) P=0.76 |
|
| >5 | 110 (0.71%) | 468 (0.76%) | 0.95 (0.77–1.17) P=0.63 |
1.08 (0.65–1.78) P=0.77 |
|
| Imidazole | 0 | 14,934 (96.32%) | 59,655 (97.13%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 385 (2.48%) | 1,341 (2.18%) | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) P=0.008 |
0.88 (0.67–1.15) P=0.35 |
|
| 2–5 | 176 (1.14%) | 403 (0.66%) | 1.81 (1.5–2.17) P<0.0001 |
1.19 (0.82–1.73) P=0.37 |
|
| >5 | 10 (0.06%) | 19 (0.03%) | 2.22 (1.03–4.78) P=0.04 |
1.75 (0.37–8.2) P=0.48 |
|
| Anti-fungals | 0 | 14,725 (94.97%) | 59,072 (96.18%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 463 (2.99%) | 1,469 (2.39%) | 1.28 (1.15–1.43) P<0.0001 |
1.22 (0.92–1.61) P=0.17 |
|
| 2–5 | 256 (1.65%) | 764 (1.24%) | 1.37 (1.19–1.59) P<0.0001 |
1.06 (0.76–1.49) P=0.72 |
|
| >5 | 61 (0.39%) | 113 (0.18%) | 2.25 (1.64–3.08) P<0.0001 |
1.29 (0.64–2.61) P=0.48 |
|
| Anti-virals | 0 | 15,252 (98.37%) | 60,649 (98.75%) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 208 (1.34%) | 648 (1.06%) | 1.27 (1.08–1.49) P=0.003 |
1.27 (0.89–1.82) P=0.18 |
|
| 2–5 | 32 (0.21%) | 88 (0.14%) | 1.47 (0.98–2.2) P=0.07 |
1.1 (0.49–2.49) P=0.82 |
|
| >5 | 13 (0.08%) | 33 (0.05%) | 1.55 (0.81–2.94) P=0.18 |
1.07 (0.24–4.81) P=0.93 |
*
Adjusted for obesity (BMI>30), ever smoking, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia treated with statins, last glucose level before index date, number of urinary tract, skin and respiratory infections before index date.
1
After the Bonferroni correction, the p-value needed to show statistical significance was 0.006.