Stimuli used in the experiments. Target words (identical previews) are presented in boldface (not in boldface in the experiments). Columns to the right represent the synonym, semantically related and unrelated previews. Neutral sentences were taken from Schotter (2013) and were used in Experiment 2, constrained sentences were used in Experiments 1 and 2.

	Type	Sentence	Synonym	Semantic	Unrelated
1	Neutral	The dishes are stored below the sink in the kitchen.	under	handy	order
1	Constrained	It is common knowledge that 90% of an iceberg’s mass lies below the water’s surface.	under	handy	order
2	Neutral	The sons were quite lousy at doing their chores before dinner.	awful	great	rated
2	Constrained	I won’t see that movie because everyone said it was really lousy and a waste of money.	awful	great	rated
3	Neutral	Tim wanted to be more than buddies with Stacey, but she had a boyfriend.	friends	hugging	towards
3	Constrained	Jen gave Mary a matching bracelet because they’re best buddies and love each other.	friends	hugging	towards
4	Neutral	At the zoo I saw the giant adult panda eating bamboo leaves.	older	aging	album
4	Constrained	Tadpoles become frogs as they change from an adolescent stage to an adult stage of life.	older	aging	album
5	Neutral	Ian auctioned an antique clock to raise money for a charity.	watch	timer	match
5	Constrained	Jessica was constantly checking time on her large clock so she wouldn’t be late.	watch	timer	match
6	Neutral	Max had to have the teacher clarify when the homework assignment was due.	explain	discuss	captain
6	Constrained	The confused students always ask the tutor to please clarify questions on the tests.	explain	discuss	captain
7	Neutral	Everyone was pleased that the talented chef prepared such a wonderful meal.	cook	food	acid
7	Constrained	The restaurant recruited a famous chef and it was a great success.	cook	food	acid
8	Neutral	Sarah tried using curlers on her stubborn straight hair before prom.	rollers	styling	suffice
8	Constrained	Peg hates straight hair, so instead of a flatiron she uses curlers to style her hair.	rollers	styling	suffice
9	Neutral	After working out, Shelley felt a sudden acute pain in her calves.	sharp	quick	strip
9	Constrained	Dogs can locate missing people because their sense of smell is very acute and precise.	sharp	quick	strip
10	Neutral	The Johnson family fell in love with the beautiful vast backyard at their new home.	huge	open	dogs
10	Constrained	The sea is relatively unexplored because it’s extremely vast and contains danger.	huge	open	dogs
11	Neutral	The little girl complained about her upset tummy and asked to skip soccer practice.	belly	torso	daddy
11	Constrained	Lisa’s new dog loves rolling over for people to rub her fuzzy tummy and fluffy tail.	belly	torso	daddy
12	Neutral	Tammy noticed many items were left blank when grading the exam.	empty	clear	imply
12	Constrained	The student didn’t know any answers and left her exam completely blank and failed it.	empty	clear	imply
13	Neutral	Cops need to be aware of a possible ambush while on the job.	attack	battle	effort
13	Constrained	While paintballing, Bob’s strategy is to sneak up and secretly ambush the other team.	attack	battle	effort
14	Neutral	My friends have the same favorite movie that they watch every week.	video	audio	water
14	Constrained	On Friday, the kids went to Blockbuster to rent a scary movie for their sleepover.	video	audio	water
15	Neutral	The children must mow the lawn every Friday.	cut	dig	net
15	Constrained	Matt’s lawn restoration job means there are several lawns he must mow in a short time.	cut	dig	net
16	Neutral	We had to read many surveys in our psychology class.	reviews	breadth	measure
16	Constrained	The restaurant had positive responses on their surveys which made it popular.	reviews	breadth	measure
17	Neutral	Betty enjoys going to the nearby town to go shopping on the weekends.	city	area	only
17	Constrained	Jo saw a missing person report for a boy in the neighboring town that went missing.	city	area	only
18	Neutral	Frank always sits in the exact middle of the classroom.	center	corner	member
18	Constrained	When playing darts, you should always aim for the exact middle of the target.	center	corner	member
19	Neutral	Despite living at the beach, George seldom goes surfing.	rarely	cannot	nicely
19	Constrained	Lou’s boss initially worried he would be late, but that is actually seldom the case.	rarely	cannot	nicely
20	Neutral	Jenna loved how her necklace would sparkle on sunny days.	glitter	flicker	platter
20	Constrained	The girl loved to twirl in her dress and watch the sequins sparkle in the sunshine.	glitter	flicker	platter
21	Neutral	My dog can always select the correct bowl with the treat inside.	choose	reject	chance
21	Constrained	To change the font, go to the tools menu and then select the font you would like.	choose	reject	chance
22	Neutral	My roommate will continuously scrub the dishes until they are clean.	clean	bathe	alone
22	Constrained	For hygienic purposes, doctors must scrub their hands thoroughly.	clean	bathe	alone
23	Neutral	Steven made a mean quip about his sister’s hair.	joke	jest	gate
23	Constrained	The comedian made the crowd laugh with a funny quip about his ex wife.	joke	jest	gate
24	Neutral	After a week the messy family started to create a heaping rubbish pile in their yard.	garbage	rummage	postage
24	Constrained	The house reeked of rotten food after he didn’t empty the smelly rubbish for 4 days.	garbage	rummage	postage
25	Neutral	The horse race will begin in a couple minutes.	start	ready	check
25	Constrained	At the race, the horses will line up and then the race will begin shortly after that.	start	ready	check
26	Neutral	Erin fell asleep for a mere moment while driving on the highway.	second	period	around
26	Constrained	Tech support told Al to hold for a short moment but it had been hours.	second	period	around
27	Neutral	The man was a notorious murderer responsible for the many deaths.	assassin	killings	enormous
27	Constrained	When a homicide aired on the news, the search for the cruel murderer became bigger.	assassin	killings	enormous
28	Neutral	The ring had a beautiful jewel in the center.	stone	pearl	clean
28	Constrained	The princess’ tiara was full of diamonds and one big pink jewel in the middle.	stone	pearl	clean
29	Neutral	Shelia would never utter a word about what happened.	speak	vocal	equal
29	Constrained	When the teacher told the class to quiet down, no one would dare utter a word at all.	speak	vocal	equal
30	Neutral	The weatherman predicted that a dangerous tornado might hit the town this week.	twister	cyclone	booster
30	Constrained	In the Wizard of Oz, Dorothy and Toto were swept up by a huge tornado and flew away.	twister	cyclone	booster
31	Neutral	After a while Kim noticed a weird scent coming from the trash can.	smell	noses	vault
31	Constrained	Dogs are known for their excellent noses, able to detect a faint scent from far away.	smell	noses	vault
32	Neutral	After dinner Wendy always rinsed the dishes before putting them in the dishwasher.	washed	soaked	socket
32	Constrained	When she washed her hands, she scrubbed and then rinsed them before drying them.	washed	soaked	socket
33	Neutral	After the party the couch felt grimy from all the guests sitting on it.	dirty	filth	lucky
33	Constrained	After rolling around in the yard, the dog was very grimy and needed a bath.	dirty	filth	lucky
34	Neutral	After witnessing the theft, many guards chased the thief.	police	cadets	palace
34	Constrained	Famous people need security and hire guards to protect them at events.	police	cadets	palace
35	Neutral	Although having a car may seem essential there are many other ways to commute.	necessary	requisite	remaining
35	Constrained	To go to the Olympics, my trainer says it is absolutely essential to run each day.	necessary	requisite	remaining
36	Neutral	Although the apartments decor was very drab the owners felt it suited their needs.	dull	grey	hulk
36	Constrained	Lois likes bright colors and thinks her grandma’s sofa is too drab for her new home.	dull	grey	hulk
37	Neutral	Andrew enjoyed the interesting tome he borrowed from the library.	book	read	fact
37	Constrained	In the old library, the shelves were full except for one missing tome that was lost.	book	read	fact
38	Neutral	Boris needed a loyal sponsor to begin his campaign trail.	support	advisor	suggest
38	Constrained	If an athlete is popular, companies will want to financially sponsor or promote them.	support	advisor	suggest
39	Neutral	Brad thought his project idea was incredibly ingenious and wanted to tell everyone.	brilliant	inventive	fortified
39	Constrained	Dan doubted Ian’s smarts, but his idea was quite ingenious and solved many problems.	brilliant	inventive	fortified
40	Neutral	Callie and her coworker must evade the office because their boss is mad at them.	avoid	greet	round
40	Constrained	The police never caught the wanted murderer because he could evade them very well.	avoid	greet	round
41	Neutral	Carla had a pleasant chat with her friend at the salon.	talk	rant	half
41	Constrained	When Jim is homesick he goes on Skype to personally chat with his parents.	talk	rant	half
42	Neutral	Carter is always bothering Lisa in class when she tries to take notes.	harassing	involving	burrowing
42	Constrained	Many kids were scared of the bully who was constantly bothering them for lunch money.	harassing	involving	burrowing
43	Neutral	Children are often very obdurate when it comes to cleaning up.	stubborn	outburst	stitches
43	Constrained	Most men refuse to ask for help because they are really obdurate and too proud.	stubborn	outburst	stitches
44	Neutral	Chris is always told that he should relax after playing a soccer game.	sleep	chill	cheap
44	Constrained	After a long week, most people are exhausted and should relax all weekend long.	sleep	chill	cheap
45	Neutral	Dan needed to have his molar replaced after many years of eating candy.	tooth	crown	tenth
45	Constrained	The dentist recommended that I have the cavity in my back molar removed very soon.	tooth	crown	tenth
46	Neutral	Dave admired his well kept turf while driving home.	lawn	yard	lava
46	Constrained	The gardeners were known to maintain a trimmed grass turf for a low monthly price.	lawn	yard	lava
47	Neutral	Dave wore his favorite hat to the baseball game.	cap	bag	cry
47	Constrained	Frank always wore his lucky baseball hat to the game.	cap	bag	cry
48	Neutral	Elizabeth goes to the store nearly every weekend to buy groceries.	almost	always	street
48	Constrained	Kate was relieved her car wasn’t hit, but yelled because Tom nearly scraped it.	almost	always	street
49	Neutral	Every year the children wish for new toys.	hope	pray	days
49	Constrained	Blowing on her birthday candles, Gail didn’t tell anyone her wish so it will come true.	hope	pray	days
50	Neutral	Felix likes to wear clean boots to his line dancing party.	shoes	socks	chess
50	Constrained	Jill had a big closet to store her many pairs of high heeled boots and matching bags.	shoes	socks	chess
51	Neutral	Fred and Will ordered nine super burritos after the little league game.	great	ample	point
51	Constrained	Teachers encourage students, saying their work is really super and giving them stars.	great	ample	point
52	Neutral	Gary thought if he put on a costume he could excite the children in the class.	thrill	arouse	thrift
52	Constrained	Jan’s life is dull so she went on a rollercoaster hoping it would excite her a bit.	thrill	arouse	thrift
53	Neutral	George was afraid of a possibly lethal bite while handling the snake at the zoo.	deadly	mortal	kindly
53	Constrained	Snake bite victims should go to the ER because venom can be very lethal if not treated.	deadly	mortal	kindly
54	Neutral	Her perfume was very aromatic and caught the attention of many men.	fragrant	distinct	linguist
54	Constrained	The perfume salesman described the scent as very aromatic and great for any occasion.	fragrant	distinct	linguist
55	Neutral	His father is a proud physics teacher in my school district.	science	biology	various
55	Constrained	Isaac Newton contributed much to the study of general physics in his lifetime.	science	biology	various
56	Neutral	Howard was extremely envious of my new game boy.	jealous	zealous	gardens
56	Constrained	After seeing his brother’s new toy, Scott became very envious and tried to steal it.	jealous	zealous	gardens
57	Neutral	I always stay at the same cabin in Tahoe for vacation.	house	shack	known
57	Constrained	Because Henry loves the woods, he built a rustic cabin there so he could go often.	house	shack	known
58	Neutral	I got a really cool gadget for my seventeenth birthday.	device	iphone	drives
58	Constrained	Trevor reads technology magazines to learn about the newest gadget of the year.	device	iphone	drives
59	Neutral	I have always wanted to attend academy meetings down the hall.	society	seminar	variety
59	Constrained	To attend the conference, you must be a member of the elite academy for social science.	society	seminar	variety
60	Neutral	I noticed that there was a small stone spire on top of the tower.	tower	point	horse
60	Constrained	At the church, there is a bell hanging in the tallest spire that rings on Sundays.	tower	point	horse
61	Neutral	I received a very important prize for my hard work at the company.	award	stars	weird
61	Constrained	At the dog show, Spot had the most points and won the coveted prize for best in show.	award	stars	weird
62	Neutral	I wrote down the incorrect avenue and got lost on my way to the restaurant.	street	suburb	client
62	Constrained	Janet lives on fifth avenue by the fire department.	street	suburb	client
63	Neutral	In ancient times, the pharaoh needed warriors to defend his kingdom.	soldiers	strength	millions
63	Constrained	To keep the city safe, the pharaoh had many warriors that he paid very little.	soldiers	strength	millions
64	Neutral	In kindergarten the kids would loudly notify the teacher when someone cut in line.	inform	update	actors
64	Constrained	As soon as the employees identify a problem they must notify the manager immediately.	inform	update	actors
65	Neutral	In the morning Jessica tallied up all of the sales from last weekend.	counted	rounded	existed
65	Constrained	To ensure the money was right, the cashier always tallied the money before going home.	counted	rounded	existed
66	Neutral	In the pond a frog leaped across a lily pad and landed on a log.	jumped	hopped	gospel
66	Constrained	Jimmy tried to catch the evasive frog that leaped from the pond at the park.	jumped	hopped	gospel
67	Neutral	It appeared that the symphony lacked the true emotion the guests were expecting.	missed	showed	animal
67	Constrained	At the interview, Lisa used her charm to make up for what she lacked in experience.	missed	showed	animal
68	Neutral	Jack saw more unusual sightings in the woods last week.	strange	startle	storage
68	Constrained	On patrol, security watched for behavior that was extremely unusual but didn’t see any.	strange	startle	storage
69	Neutral	James agreed to meet in the front foyer of the hotel before dinner.	lobby	doors	fifty
69	Constrained	The group suggested meeting in the hotel foyer before the tour began.	lobby	doors	fifty
70	Neutral	Jen thought it was a terrible omen that she had a nightmare before the exam.	sign	mark	nope
70	Constrained	Most people think a black cat crossing the street is a bad omen and try to avoid it.	sign	mark	nope
71	Neutral	Jill goes for a long jog in the morning.	run	leg	own
71	Constrained	To train for the marathon, Rachel must jog a few miles every day.	run	leg	own
72	Neutral	Joel made a rapid halt when the light turned red.	stop	skid	ship
72	Constrained	To avoid accidents at crosswalks, drivers must halt and wait for pedestrians.	stop	skid	ship
73	Neutral	Julie watched the birds flock together in the sky.	group	bunch	going
73	Constrained	When migrating, birds fly together in an organized flock to stay together.	group	bunch	going
74	Neutral	Kenny told his longtime rival to meet him outside for a fight after school.	enemy	fists	array
74	Constrained	In superhero movies, the heroes always defeat their rival and save the world.	enemy	fists	array
75	Neutral	Last night my dreams were very lucid so I wrote about them in my journal.	clear	stark	class
75	Constrained	James could see the lake bottom because the water was very lucid and calm that day.	clear	stark	class
76	Neutral	Last week, Alexander totaled his car on his way to school.	wrecked	skidded	awaited
76	Constrained	Because Tom is a careless driver, his car was completely totaled in an accident.	wrecked	skidded	awaited
77	Neutral	Laura had strong ache in her tooth after eating too much candy.	pain	ouch	join
77	Constrained	The dentist told Jim that cavities are causing his tooth ache and he should floss.	pain	ouch	join
78	Neutral	Many people are extremely committed to recycling their waste.	dedicated	betrothed	liberated
78	Constrained	For a marriage to last, the couple must be extremely committed to each other.	dedicated	betrothed	liberated
79	Neutral	The committee said the plan should be approved contrary to the president’s advice.	opposite	rejected	appendix
79	Constrained	Columbus’ time thought the world was flat but actually the complete contrary is true.	opposite	rejected	appendix
80	Neutral	My neighbor made a majestic portrait of my family as a Christmas present.	painting	panorama	pounding
80	Constrained	The vain woman hired an artist to draw her and hung the large portrait in her room.	painting	panorama	pounding
81	Neutral	My neighbor took out his vintage Satan costume for Halloween.	devil	demon	trend
81	Constrained	Christians believe in the goodness of God and evil of the wicked Satan as a fact.	devil	demon	trend
82	Neutral	My old nanny made me a bracelet with string for my fifth birthday.	thread	strand	threat
82	Constrained	When she saw it hanging from her sweater, she pulled the loose string off right away.	thread	strand	threat
83	Neutral	Nadine goes to the gym because she wants to look lean in a swimsuit at the beach.	thin	slim	kiss
83	Constrained	The fitness model must go to the gym and eat well to keep her body lean for her job.	thin	slim	kiss
84	Neutral	Next week, we must propose a new financial plan to the executive board.	suggest	present	support
84	Constrained	The scientist needs approval for a study but is scared to publicly propose it to others.	suggest	present	support
85	Neutral	Peter was asked to point out on the large globe where Antarctica was.	world	earth	small
85	Constrained	Joey wants to travel around the whole globe and see many beautiful places.	world	earth	small
86	Neutral	Rain makes it difficult to properly steer the vehicle safely.	drive	wheel	times
86	Constrained	For my license test, I had to prove that I could properly steer a car and remain safe.	drive	wheel	times
87	Neutral	Rita had a very strong feeling about the political candidates.	opinion	thought	species
87	Constrained	To avoid offending others please do not share your feeling about the new president.	opinion	thought	species
88	Neutral	Sally forgot the specific tune she would always sing in the shower.	song	note	warp
88	Constrained	When I get bored I like to hum my favorite tune to pass the time.	song	note	warp
89	Neutral	Samantha was very prudent about not making a mistake in her drawing.	careful	precise	invited
89	Constrained	To avoid making mistakes, students must be very prudent and double check their tests.	careful	precise	invited
90	Neutral	Sheldon could not hear their answers over the loud music.	replies	opinion	replace
90	Constrained	In class, Sally raises her hand before she immediately answers so others can try first.	replies	opinion	replace
91	Neutral	Some animals eat from very tall trees in the zoo.	high	long	kept
91	Constrained	Skyscrapers are known to be very tall buildings in the city.	high	long	kept
92	Neutral	Some people think a heavy brick could break a window.	stone	block	clean
92	Constrained	Ivy League campuses are famous for pretty buildings made of solid brick and large quads.	stone	block	clean
93	Neutral	Some people thought the parrot was mute but it just did not want to talk.	dumb	talk	loud
93	Constrained	The child didn’t speak so his mom thought he was born mute and took him to a doctor.	dumb	talk	loud
94	Neutral	Some students cannot comprehend the topics covered in lecture.	understand	assimilate	individual
94	Constrained	Diplomats at the UN use interpreters to help them comprehend what others are saying.	understand	assimilate	individual
95	Neutral	Steph noticed a torn bill in her wallet and looked for the other half.	note	card	side
95	Constrained	Kelly’s mother gave her a twenty dollar bill to buy lunch at school.	note	card	side
96	Neutral	The chemist did not realize the reaction could arise without a spark.	occur	start	seven
96	Constrained	Being prepared helps people deal with any situation that could arise without notice.	occur	start	seven
97	Neutral	The church received a beautiful piano from an anonymous donor.	organ	flute	argue
97	Constrained	At the recital, the black and white keys of the large piano were jammed and sounded bad.	organ	flute	argue
98	Neutral	The class complained about the long exam to the professor.	test	quiz	kind
98	Constrained	After studying all night, Erin felt ready for her math exam and very confident.	test	quiz	kind
99	Neutral	The community thought of Amy with the highest esteem after her work at the shelter.	regard	praise	expand
99	Constrained	The professor got an award because everyone held him in high esteem and respected him.	regard	praise	expand
100	Neutral	The company did not realize the harsh impact their products had on the environment.	effect	result	attack
100	Constrained	The tragic event left a lasting impact on the entire community.	effect	result	attack
101	Neutral	The crowd could only see the very rear of the stage from the discounted seats.	back	side	find
101	Constrained	Jack tailgated the car in front of him and accidently bumped the very rear of the car.	back	side	find
102	Neutral	The decorator loved the detailed lip of the new vase.	rim	top	zoo
102	Constrained	To make music with a wine glass, run a wet finger along the glass’ lip in a circle.	rim	top	zoo
103	Neutral	The dog would always sniff the grass in front of the house.	smell	whiff	vault
103	Constrained	Liz is a picky eater and uses her nose to cautiously sniff the food before eating.	smell	whiff	vault
104	Neutral	The losing team’s rebuttal was so legendary that it went viral on YouTube.	response	reaction	congress
104	Constrained	To defend the case, the opposing counsel gave a convincing rebuttal to the argument.	response	reaction	congress
105	Neutral	The loving couple looked at the peaceful shore while on vacation.	beach	ocean	trust
105	Constrained	People go to Hawaii to walk along the sandy shore and enjoy the view.	beach	ocean	trust
106	Neutral	The noise caused Tim to suddenly fall to his knees and cover his ears.	drop	down	king
106	Constrained	On New Year’s Eve in New York, waiting for the ball to slowly fall is very popular.	drop	down	king
107	Neutral	The notorious gang defaced the statue in front of city hall.	damaged	wrecked	foreign
107	Constrained	After graffitiing town hall, kids got in trouble because they defaced public property.	damaged	wrecked	foreign
108	Neutral	The police were alert on patrol when they got a call from dispatch.	ready	vigil	early
108	Constrained	On a stakeout, the policeman drank coffee to stay alert for any suspicious acts.	ready	vigil	early
109	Neutral	The response Tom received was not a very fair representation of his effort.	just	good	post
109	Constrained	Judges must give out punishments that are undoubtably fair for the crime committed.	just	good	post
110	Neutral	The road signs inform drivers when hazardous terrain is approaching.	dangerous	turbulent	diagnosis
110	Constrained	Driving in the rain is known to be very hazardous and people should be more careful.	dangerous	turbulent	diagnosis
111	Neutral	The salesman said the car would hold its original worth for many years.	value	price	sites
111	Constrained	When pawning goods you must estimate the correct worth of many items.	value	price	sites
112	Neutral	The sisters could not name all their favorite movies because there were too many.	list	cite	best
112	Constrained	After studying state capitals, the teacher had the students quickly name all of them.	list	cite	best
113	Neutral	The soccer ball hit the shelf and made the vase smash into many pieces.	break	clean	heart
113	Constrained	If the glass vase fell off the shelf it would likely smash into many pieces.	break	clean	heart
114	Neutral	The student was very astute because she answered the tricky question.	clever	brains	cheese
114	Constrained	The mouse escaped the trap many times and is clearly very astute and quick.	clever	brains	cheese
115	Neutral	The students must save all their homework until the quarter is over.	keep	mass	long
115	Constrained	Lea collects cards and has a box where she will carefully save them away from harm.	keep	mass	long
116	Neutral	The surgeon promised an extremely rapid to start bubbling.	quick	brisk	giant
116	Constrained	Make an appointment at the DMV to make your visit more rapid than it would have been.	quick	brisk	giant
117	Neutral	The teacher always posted a relevant topic to start a discussion.	issue	theme	music
117	Constrained	The research paper’s main topic was on the evolution of humans.	issue	theme	music
118	Neutral	The teacher thought most of the reports were too brief and needed more content	short	empty	stand
118	Constrained	To save time, the meeting was very brief and started on time.	short	empty	stand
119	Neutral	The teacher tried to plan artful activities for the children.	crafty	pretty	verily
119	Constrained	The beginner scrapbook class is for people who are not very artful and need help.	crafty	pretty	verily
120	Neutral	The team captain tried to establish concord between the rivals.	harmony	rapport	forming
120	Constrained	To end the war, the general proposed a new plan to promote concord among many groups.	harmony	rapport	forming
121	Neutral	The well trained scout led the group along the cliff.	guide	guard	quote
121	Constrained	When hiking in a new area, you should ask a knowledgeable scout for the best trail.	guide	guard	quote
122	Neutral	Tommy decided he would fling the stone into the pond later that day.	throw	chuck	floor
122	Constrained	To play fetch with dogs, just take the ball and then fling it far away.	throw	chuck	floor
123	Neutral	Will keeps a large knife in his backpack to protect himself.	blade	rifle	flute
123	Constrained	To cut the loaf of bread, the chef used a serrated knife with great expertise.	blade	rifle	flute