Table 3.
Squamous differentiation in upper urinary tract carcinoma and cancer-specific survival
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
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| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Squamous differentiation (present vs. absent) | 3.34 (1.47-7.85) | 0.0043 | 1.21 (0.48-3.05) | 0.69 |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 0.98 (0.39-2.50) | 0.97 | - | - |
| Age (≥ 70 vs. < 70 years) | 2.78 (1.19-6.52) | 0.019 | - | - |
| Side (right vs. left) | 0.84 (0.37-1.91) | 0.67 | - | - |
| Tumor location (ureter vs. renal pelvis) | 1.50 (0.66-3.44) | 0.34 | - | - |
| Tumor architecture (sessile vs. papillary) | 2.15 (0.94-4.91) | 0.069 | - | - |
| Tumor grade (G3 vs. G1-2) | 6.97 (2.07-23.5) | 0.0018 | - | - |
| Lymphovascular invasion (present vs. absent) | 13.4 (3.96-45.6) | < 0.0001 | 8.86 (2.45-32.0) | 0.0009 |
| Concomitant carcinoma in situ (present vs. absent) | 3.30 (1.36-8.03) | 0.0085 | - | - |
| Tumor stage (pT2-pT4 vs. pTa-pT1) | 22.7 (3.05-169) | 0.0023 | - | - |
| Lymph node metastasis (present vs. absent) | 7.45 (3.26-17.0) | < 0.0001 | 3.09 (1.24-7.70) | 0.016 |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy (present vs. absent) | 3.63 (1.54-8.57) | 0.0033 | - | - |
The multivariate Cox regression models initially included gender, age at diagnosis, tumor side, tumor location, tumor architecture, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, concomitant carcinoma in situ, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and adjuvant chemotherapy. A backward elimination was performed with a threshold of P = 0.05 to select variables in the final model. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.