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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Aug;32(4):294–303. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000186

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Regions of the cerebral cortex in humans active for voice production and swallowing based on the studies by Penfield and Roberts (1959). In A the location of regions where muscular contractions were obtained in the lips, jaw, and tongue and larynx and pharynx (designated as throat). The location of an integrated area of vocalization on the primary motor area above the lips and jaw is designated. Swallowing was indicated as being evoked by stimulation lateral to the tongue and jaw. B. Sites in the left hemisphere and the left supplemental motor area which elicited vocalization in humans. C. Sites in the right hemisphere and the right supplementary motor area which elicited vocalization during electrical stimulation. SMA is the supplementary motor area. Adapted from (Penfield and Roberts, 1959).