Table 1.

Clinal patterns among American D. melanogaster populations

Trait/genetic marker		Location	Clinal pattern	Reference
Genome wide		Eastern N.A.	Higher sequence diversity and most negative Tajima’s D in lowest latitude population, In(3R)P at highest frequency in the lowest latitude population,	[50]
		Eastern N.A.	Higher sequence diversity and lower ratio of X-to autosomal-linked variation in low latitude population; greater skew toward high-frequency alleles in high latitude population; In(3R)Mo, In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, In(3L)Payne, In(3R)Payne frequencies decrease with latitude (verify with Andy)	[52]
		Eastern N.A.	Differential gene expression—highly expressed genes in high latitude populations of D. melanogaster are also highly expressed in high latitude populations of D. simulans	[12]
Genes	Adh	Eastern N.A. and Western S.A.	Adh-F increases with	[33,36,38]
	Aldh	Eastern N.A.	Aldh-Phe increases with latitude	[39]
	cpo	Eastern N.A.	Various clinal SNPs	[40,41]
	Est6	Eastern N.A.	Est61.00, Est63, and Est6-S increase with latitude	[30,33,138]
	EstC	Ontario, CA; Hamilton, CA; MA, USA; TX, USA	EstC3 allele generally decreases with latitude	[33]
	G6pd	N.A	G6pd-F and G6pd increase with latitude	[30,31,33]
	Gpdh	Eastern N.A., Western South America	Gpdh-S increases with latitude	[30,38]
	InR	Eastern N.A.	InRshort increases with latitude.	[139,140]
	LapD	Ontario, CA; Hamilton, CA; MA, USA; TX, USA	LapD3 allele generally decreases with latitude	[33]
	Odh	N.A	Odh-S decreases with latitude	[30,32]
	Pgd	N.A	Pgd-F increases with latitude	[30,31,33]
	Tpi	N.A	Tpi-F increases with latitude	[141]
Inversions	In(2L)t, In(2R)NS, In(3L)Payne, In(3R)Payne	N.A.	Frequency decreases with latitude	[47,48]
	In(2L)t, In(3L)Payne, In(3R)Payne, In(3R)Mo	N.A. and S.A.	Frequency decreases with latitude	[46]
Transposable Elements	Family: Rt1b, invader4, pogo, Doc, S-element, BS, 1360	Eastern N.A.	Families differ	[72,142]
Phenotype	Cell membrane plasticity	Eastern N.A.	Highest in high latitude population	[143]
	Diapause incidence and ovariole number	Eastern N.A.	Increases with latitude	[144]
	Different organs	Western S.A.	Size increase with latitude	[23]
	Egg Size	Western S.A.	Increases with latitude	[26]
	Ethanol tolerance	Western N.A.	Ethanol resistance increases with latitude	[145]
	Female fresh weight and ovariole number	America (tropical and temperate)	Increases with latitude	[24]
	Lifetime fecundity	Eastern N.A.	Decreases with latitude	[27]
	Life span, heat and cold resistance	Eastern N.A.	Increases with latitude	[27]
	Nightime locomotor activity	Eastern N.A.	Increases with latitude	[11]
	Per-capita fecundity	Eastern N.A.	Varies with age	[144]
	Sleep bout duration	Eastern N.A.	Decreases with latitude	[11]
	Wing area, cell size, and cell number	Western S.A.	Increases with latitude	[21]
	Wing length and bristle number	Eastern N.A.	Increases with latitude	[22]