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Overview of the VarA/S-CsrB/C/D-CsrA pathway. Dashed arrows indicate that the exact mechanism of regulation is currently unknown. We show here that CsrA positively regulates the level of ToxR protein in response to amino acids. Var/Csr-mediated regulation of biofilm and virulence gene expression via the quorum sensing pathway is described by Lenz et al. (25). The regulation of omp gene expression by ToxR is well established (8, 10–12, 14).
