Table 1.
Sequences for modifying interactions between cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling proteins and subcellular targeting.
Purpose | Name and specifications | Reference |
---|---|---|
Sequences for modifying protein–protein interactions | ||
Binding to the D/D domain of PKA RII subunits | Ht31 (AADLIEEAASRIVDAVIEQVKA). KD = 2.2 nM for RIIα; 1.3 μM for RIα | Rosenmund et al. (1994), Alto et al. (2003) |
AKAP-is (QIEYLAKQIVDNAIQQA). KD = 0.4 nM for RIIα, 277 nM for RIα | Alto et al. (2003), Dodge-Kafka et al. (2005) | |
Super-AKAP-is (QIEYVAKQIVDYAIHQA). On filter assay binds RIIα 4× more and RIα 12.5× less efficiently than AKAP-is | Gold et al. (2006) | |
AKB-RII (VQGNTDEAQEELLWKIAKMIVSDVMQQ). KD = 2.7 nM for RIIα, 2.5 μM for RIα | Burns-Hamuro et al. (2003) | |
Binding to the D/D domain of PKA RI subunits | RIAD (LEQYANQLADQIIKEATE). KD = 1 nM for RIα, 1800 nM for RIIα | Carlson et al. (2006), Torheim et al. (2009) |
AKB-RI (FEELAWKIAKMIWSDVFQQ). KD = 5.2 nM for RIα; 450 nM for RIIα | Burns-Hamuro et al. (2003) | |
Localizing with type I PKA | RIα (1–64) | Di Benedetto et al. (2008) |
Binding to AKAP anchoring helices | RIIβ (amino acids 1–49) | Di Benedetto et al. (2008) |
Specifically binding to the AKAP18 anchoring helix | RSelectAKAP18 (PKA RIIα 1–45 with I3V, I5L, T10D, Q14G substitutions) | Gold et al. (2013a) |
Binding to PDE4D | mAKAP (1286–1831) | Dodge-Kafka et al. (2005) |
Sequences for subcellular targeting | ||
Plasma membrane | C-terminal addition of polybasic-CAAX sequence, e.g., GKKKKKKSKTKCVIM. CAAX box undergoes farnesylation | DiPilato et al. (2004), Dyachok et al. (2006), Saucerman et al. (2006), Depry et al. (2011) |
Plasma membrane (cholesterol-rich) | N-terminal addition of Lyn kinase sequence, e.g., MGCIKSKRKDNLNDD, that undergoes myristoylation and palmitoylation | Terrin et al. (2006), Depry et al. (2011), Sample et al. (2012) |
Nuclear localization | C-terminal addition of nuclear localization signal PKKKRKVEDA | DiPilato et al. (2004), Terrin et al. (2006), Sample et al. (2012) |
Nuclear export | C-terminal addition of nuclear export sequence LPPLERLTL | Sample et al. (2012) |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum | C-terminal addition of the helical transmembrane region (PQQARQKLQNLFINFCLILICLLLICIIVMLL) of phospholamban | Liu et al. (2011) |
Outer mitochondrial membrane | N-terminal addition of the targeting peptide yTom70 | Lefkimmiatis et al. (2013) |
N-terminal addition of MitoDAKAP1 (MAIQLRSLFPLALPGMLALLGWWWFFSRKK), a mitochondrial signal sequence derived from D-AKAP1 | Burns-Hamuro et al. (2003), DiPilato et al. (2004), Lim et al. (2007), Depry et al. (2011) | |
Mitochondrial matrix | N-terminal addition of the mitochondrial matrix targeting signal encoded in the first 12 amino acids of subunit IV of human cytochrome oxidase c | DiPilato et al. (2004), Lefkimmiatis et al. (2013) |