Table 2.

Description of cost categories.

Cost	F2F	BL	Description
Transition costs	No	Yes	Staff time for creating YouTube resources, tailoring content for BL approach, and designing activities.
Ongoing staff costs	Yes	Yes	Staff time for regular preparation for incoming students, teaching, unit-coordinating, and marking assessments.
Staff on-costs	Yes	Yes	Staffing salaries were assumed to be the highest step within the academic level as per the Monash University Enterprise Agreements [30]. Further on-costs include superannuation contributions, payroll taxes, loading, and levies. Academic staff (professors and associate professors) receive 17% superannuation contribution, with total on-costs of 39.62%. Casual staff receive 9.25% superannuation, hence total on-costs for casual staff is 15.43%.
Space costs	Yes	Yes	Space costs for classroom activities are dependent on seating capacity and AV capabilities, based on Monash University rate charges to faculties. Seating requirements were known from the RCT; however, AV capabilities were modeled as requiring full AV and digital projection. Number of classroom hours booked for each method was obtained from the university online timetable system records.
Overhead costs	Yes	Yes	The total operating overheads were modeled at 37% in line with Monash University’s Project Costing and Price Model. Central overheads were calculated at 22% (allocation of corporate services costs: finance, HR, IT, & corporate services). Faculty overheads were valued at 10% for the allocation of professional staff involved in the general support of students including student services, IT support for students, and research activities. Other overheads included 5% allocated to the general costs of running support activities.