Table 4.
Patient-reported secondary outcomes by group.
| Secondary outcomea | Usual care | Treatment | t-ratio (df) | P | ||||
|
|
n | Mean (95% CI) | n | Mean (95% CI) |
|
|
||
| DES |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 3.5 (3.3, 3.8) | 45 | 3.8 (3.2, 4.4) | 1.32 (85) | .19 | |
|
|
3 months | 41 | 3.8 (3.2, 3.3) | 40 | 4.1 (2.8, 5.3)b | 0.39 (78) | .70 | |
| DKT |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 12.0 (11.3, 12.6) | 45 | 12.4 (10.9, 13.9) | 0.98 (85) | .33 | |
|
|
3 months | 41 | 11.4 (10.1, 12.6) | 40 | 12.1 (9.1, 14.0)b | 0.61 (78) | .55 | |
| SDSCA |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
General diet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 3.7 (3.2, 4.3) | 45 | 3.7 (2.4, 5.0) | –0.07 (85) | .95 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 4.9 (3.7, 6.1) | 40 | 4.7 (2.0, 7.0)b | –0.20 (78) | .84 |
|
|
Specific diet |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 2.9 (2.4, 3.4) | 45 | 3.5 (2.3, 4.7) | 1.69 (85) | .09 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 4.2 (3.0, 5.3) | 40 | 4.6 (1.7, 7.0)b | –0.41 (78) | .68 |
|
|
Carbohydrate spacing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 3.0 (2.3, 3.8) | 45 | 2.7 (1.0, 4.6) | –0.46 (85) | .65 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 3.9 (2.4, 5.4) | 40 | 4.7 (3.4, 7.0)b | 2.08 (78) | .04 |
|
|
Exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 2.4 (1.7, 3.1) | 45 | 2.7 (1.1, 4.3) | 0.56 (85) | .58 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 2.6 (1.3, 3.9) | 40 | 3.7 (0.60, 6.8) | 1.82 (78) | .07 |
|
|
Medication |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 6.5 (6.0, 7.0) | 45 | 6.2 (4.9, 7.0)b | –0.93 (85) | .35 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 6.4 (5.4, 7.3) | 40 | 6.3 (5.2, 7.0)b | 0.95 (78) | .34 |
|
|
Monitoring glucose |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 3.6 (2.8, 4.4) | 45 | 3.0 (1.1, 4.8) | –1.17 (85) | .25 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 3.7 (2.1, 5.3) | 40 | 5.1 (2.6, 7.0)b | 3.31 (78) | .001 |
|
|
Foot care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Baseline | 42 | 2.5 (1.8, 3.2) | 45 | 2.5 (0.9, 4.2) | 0.04 (85) | .97 |
|
|
|
3 months | 41 | 3.8 (2.5, 5.2) | 40 | 5.0 (1.7, 7.0)b | 2.42 (78) | .02 |
a DES: Diabetes Empowerment Scale; DKT: Diabetes Knowledge Test; SDSCA: Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities.
b Confidence intervals assume symmetry about the mean, reported with the maximum scale score as the upper bound contained within the interval estimate; DES max score=5.0; DKT max score=14.0; SDSCA max score=7.0.